Interior design - university case study Assignment

Interior design - university case study - Assignment Example ful forces for the effectiveness of school and universities; however this belief must be justified by empirical evidence for its better implementation at practical level. The University of Minnesota is also trying hard to adopt technologies and techniques that will help them improve student learning in the classroom environment. The management and the professors at the University of Minnesota thinks that it is not the laptops, projects or tablets which are considered important for the classroom environment. But it is the swivel chair that contributes towards the effective learning of the students. Research support the fact that the instructors should have students switch and change in a fluid moment rather than make them clunking around and trying to get them into different situations. The researchers at the global education environment think that the role of the teacher should be more of a coach rather than just focusing on the delivery of information which may not even be effectively interpreted by the students. The classrooms at the University of Minnesota are more intentionally designed that positively correlates to the student engagement which helps in improving the rate of student success. When students at the University of Minnesota were questioned about the swiveling chairs and connectable tables, almost 72 percent of the students said that the changes in the interior of the classroom increased the level of concentration and their engagement in classrooms. They also agreed to the fact that changing the interior of the classroom and including more swiveling chairs and connectable tables will help the students to achieve higher grades. After observing the effectiveness of swiveling chairs and connectable tables the University of Minnesota is planning to renovate more classrooms and also the lecture halls for the fall semester. Beside the interior of the class, leadership is also considered to be a powerful force for the effectiveness of student learning.

The massacre in Nanking Essay Example for Free

The massacre in Nanking Essay The massacre in Nanking which is popularized by Chang as the Rape of Nanking is indeed on of the darkest period of Asian history. Although it is described for its cruel and terrible scenes, history has almost forgotten these painful and darkest hours of Nanking people. Thanks to Iris Chang, her book became a living testimony of that tragedy that will always remind us that a lot of lives were wasted and a lot of people were intensely tortured in the hands of Japanese army. This book will serve as a reminder for Japanese people of the cruel nature of their ancestors. In the introduction of the book, Chang described the number of deaths in a mean that anyone can imagine in their vivid imagination. According to her, if the dead were to link hands, they will stretch from Nanking to Hangchow which is too far to imagine. It means that those cadavers can form a line of 200 miles. Other than that, their blood will weigh 200 ton and their bodies could fill twenty-five hundreds of railroad cars. If they will be piled up, their bodies could reach a height of seventy-four storey building. Indeed that is a huge number of innocent people. More than their death, the real tragedy for the Nanking people is their cruel way of execution which is merely inhuman and even animals are not worthy to experience those tortures. Thus, reading the book can give the reader so much agony and sympathy for the victims. The scenes are so painful to imagine that you will feel so much resentment to the Japanese. As a journalist by profession, Chang used her journalistic skill of documenting events. Her descriptions of those horrible scenes were enough to make the book a best seller and highly acclaimed by scholars. Most part of her book is narration of Japanese cruel activities as well as some historical backgrounds of Japan. Her book was based on the diaries of John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin whom played important roles in the Nanking Safety Zone. From its name, this are had protected a lot of Nanking civilians from the cruel hands of Japanese Army. John Rabe was able to shelter some 200,000 Nanking civilians from slaughter. Minnie Vautrin was an American missionary who saved a lot of school girls from the Japanese Army in Ginling Girls College. Both of them shared the horrible life in Nanjing during its Japanese occupation. They were able to witness and even take some photographs of those kinds of brutalities. Most of Chinese brutal activities are difficult to imagine such as forcing the fathers to rape their daughters as well as the sons to their mothers. Japanese soldiers are also fond of kidnapping women for them to become their sex slaves or comfort women. They were tied in a chair for almost forever just waiting for the next Japanese soldier to use their body. Another rape victim was found with a golf stick rammed into her. (Chang, 94) Other than that, there were also a rampant mass execution where killing the most number of people in a shortest time became a contest for them. As a form of execution, Nanking civilians were beheaded, buried alive, some were also buried up to their waist and the other of their body was fed to German Shepherds. They also use the civilians as human target for their bayonet practices. Other than, they also give severe punishment for no reason such as forcing the students to hold heavy objects, sit on their heels, stand barefoot in the snow, and run in the playground until they collapse. Overall, 340,000 Chinese died and around 20,000 to 80,000 Chinese men and women were physically and sexually abused. All these started when the Japanese Army swept into Nanking in 1937. Although their cruel activities lasted for only six weeks, still the terror it brought to its people is a lifetime of trauma. Originally, the main goal of the offenders is to haunt those Chinese armies who are disguising as civilians. As a result of that operation against those Chinese soldiers, a lot of innocent civilians were executed. Good thing about the book is that, it did not focus solely on the senseless cruelty of the Japanese army but also she mentioned some parts of Japanese history especially those who are prior to the 1937 incidence. She mentioned about Mathew Perry and his mission to the land of the rising sun. She also tried to explain why the Japanese was able to do those inhuman punishments to the people of Nanking. Indeed, it has something to do with their history, culture and religious background. Chang explain that their cruelty towards other people is caused by their belief that the Emperor is the only descendant of their sun goddess Amaterasu. Because they are non Christians in nature, they disregard the Christian idea of brotherhood and loving other people. They also think that they are superior as Western people and have the right of access to the natural wealth of Asian countries. Other than that, their participation in the Second World War gave them an ample pride. During that time, being able to participate in a world war together with powerful nations such as United States and Germany is an indication that Japan is the most powerful country in Asia. Meanwhile, as I read the book, the resentment of the author towards the perpetuator of the time are becoming more intense. More than being Chinese by blood, Chang’s grandparents were able to witness that horrible event in Chinese history. No words can explain her bitterness and resentment in her renowned research that it caused her to lose her sanity. If the author herself was not able to stand the horror of the Nanking massacre who was not able to witness the event, how much more the terror that it brought to the survivors of that tragedy including Chang’s grandparents. I admit that reading the book gave me a vivid image of what really happened during World War II. The book is a reflection of the everyday reality that was experienced by peoples especially those countries that were conquered by the Japanese Army. More than understanding Chinese history, the book presented more of Japanese history and culture especially the cruelty of its army. Therefore the book doesn’t help me understand Chinese history. The book is just a mere description of the atrocities of World War II focusing more on Japanese history. Instead of helping me understand Chinese history, it does explain why until this very moment, there is so much resentment among Chinese people towards Japan. Other than the intense of inhuman acts towards the Nanking victim, there is no initiative from the Japanese government to give a public apology. Worst than that, the Japanese don’t admit the crime and don’t even remember the incident. The younger generation in Japan doesn’t know about their cruelty because it was not taught in their history class. Even the Chinese forget about this horrible part of their history aside from the Nanking survivors and their descendants. Therefore, this book is really a breakthrough just remind both the Chinese and Japanese people of that forgotten holocaust. And for me, not only the oppressor and the oppressed parties should remember this horrific period in their history. All countries should be aware of the terror brought by world wars and the cruelty towards other race is widely condemned. It can happen not only in Nanking but in other parts of the world. It is a worldwide problem which is known as genocide. A lot of people may suffer from cruel death because of political reasons and the sad thing about that is most of them are innocent. Chang’s documentary of that horrific incident serves as an eye opener for every people with regards to their nationality that war is evil and it can only ruin the lives of innocent people. Although her work is highly acclaimed by scholars most especially its amazed readers, still Chang received a lot of criticism especially when it comes to the technical aspect of the book. Some people in the academe have seen many historical inaccuracies as well as grammatical errors. Grammatical errors can be forgiven for it can be the fault of the copywriter. Technical errors are really inevitable and as a matter of fact, a journalist like Chang also commits that kind of mistake. But there are no excuses for committing historical errors. We cannot blame Iris Chang because she is not a historian by profession. But as a researcher, she should be responsible when it comes to the accuracy of her data. Indeed, her historical inaccuracies are so serious because most of them are some basic information of Japanese history. Here are some of the examples: By the late 15th and early 16th centuries Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa family, who sealed off the island nation from foreign influence (Chang, 21). The reign of Tokugawa family started in 1603 therefore the Tokugawa era in Japan started in early 17th century. Chang also wrote, In July 1853, he (Matthew Perry) sent two ships belching black smoke into Tokyo Bay giving the people of Japan their first glimpse of metal-clad, steam-powered ships. Surrounding himself with some sixty to seventy aggressive-looking men armed with swords and pistols, Perry strode through the capital of the Shogun and demanded meetings with the highest-ranking officials in Japan (Chang, 21). The truth is, Perry was not able to go to that place which is believed to be Edo or Tokyo during this day. Other than that, she also explained in her book, In an era later known as the Meiji Restoration, Japan resounded with nationalistic slogans, such as Revere the Emperor! Expel the barbarians! and Rich country, strong army (Chang, 23)! Actually there is no Japanese Era such as Meiji period. This Meiji restoration that she is talking about happened from 1868 to 1912 and it is more of a social revolution than a period like Tokugawa. And lastly, Chang wrote that the United Nations created a committee for war investigation in March 1944(Chang, 169). It is impossible to happen because the United Nation was not yet chartered in 1944. How this book can become a historical reference it its content is inaccurate? For me, Chang was not objective in writing this book. It is obvious that Chang was driven by her resentment to the Japanese government and the desire to uplift her Chinese roots. And because her grandparents are involved with that traumatic period in Nanking, her book serves as an advocacy campaign for her grandparents to get the justice that they deserve. While reading the book, anyone can notice that Chang is trying her best to give a negative image of Japanese culture especially their army. We can say that she met her objectives and her way of documenting the story is enough to ruin the image of the Japanese. Her description of those cruel acts will make the readers forget the technical errors of the books as well as its historical inaccuracies. Anyone who will read the book will feel so much sympathy for the victims and really seek justice for them. That is really her objective as a author but alas, she shared the same fate with her grandparents. Although her book became a major success and the tragedy of Nanking is now known worldwide, Chang died miserably and lose her hope that someday the perpetuators will pay for their acts. Although it is inevitable for her to show her biases, it would be better if she had presented the other side of the story. It is unfair for the Japanese their side was never heard and they were never consulted by the author. If only she also take the side of the perpetuators, her book will sound more objective and even the Japanese can accept her book and learn from it. The reason why until today, is not admitting that crime is because their sides were not heard in the book. There are also historical errors regarding Japanese history that is why it is easy for the Japanese to ignore the book. The criticisms about the book especially its technical errors are another factor for the Japanese to ignore the book and pretend that there is no such thing as Nanking massacre in the history. If only Chang was more careful and objective, her book will achieve more than recognition and market success. She and her fellow Chinese community in Nanking can get the justice that they are longing for. It would be better if Chang has included some stories of Japanese soldiers focusing on their feelings towards the victim. We can never say that all Japanese soldiers are cruel and maybe some of them were pressured by their officials to do those inhuman activities. Other than the sufferings of the Chinese people, it would be better if Chang was able to mention the hardships encountered by the Japanese soldiers during their stay in Nanking. This will give her book a sense of balance which is expected from her because she is a journalist. As a conclusion, we can say that the book is really a breakthrough for Asian history. The once infamous tragedy of the Nanking people became part of Asian history through the angered motivated research of the victim’s descendants. Although Iris Chang is not a historian by profession, she was able to convey her main point inspite of the rampant errors and historical criticisms of her book. Without looking at its market success, still the book is a failure because the author herself was not able to get the justice that she demands asides from the heavy accusations of her critics. But still, the book served as a reminder for every nation of the atrocities that war can produce and the fate of millions of innocent people who are involve in the war.

History Of Black Males In American Society Essay -- African-American R

History Of Black Males In American Society The black community have always been suppressed and oppressed by the dominant and powerful white members of society. The historical social order of Americans meant that traditionally positions of power have been held by a very exclusive group of people; members of this group are stereotypically middle class, middle aged, white males with nuclear families. This Caucasian dominance is well documented throughout history and is epitomized by the slavery of African, and Caribbean Negroes in America by white settlers and pilgrims, which continued for many hundreds of years. This has led to much resentment from the black community towards white people, as it is still very difficult for someone of an ethnic minority heritage to gain a position of any real authority or significance within the USA. Things have undoubtedly improved in America but a balance of equality has still not been achieved, evidenced today by Barack Obama becoming the first Black man to achieve election into the USAsenate (the highest form of government in the American administration apart from the cabinet). Whilst this demonstrates that society is becoming more equality based in the US, it also shows that out of 255 senate seats, a black person holds only one of them. This illustrates that American society favours those of white origin, as they do not trust black people in positions of power or importance. The situation with regards to racism has changed dramatically over the past fifty years; this is largely down to the work of black activists such as Dr Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Another individual who had a ... ...ssing over $225 million each, while the motion picture biography of Malcolm X, one of the most important cultural icons for black people, and one of the most influential figures in the change of racial tolerance and ultimately, world society grossed just $48 million. American society is still intolerant of black people and in film, more often then not, cast the African-Americans in the role of the minstrel. This has been noted by black people and have now taken to playing up to the role by creating spoof films such as the 'Scary Movie' trilogy which grossed over $500 million in total. This shows that whilst society in America has not changed much, except that white people pretend to be less prejudiced, black people have decided to take control and use their own societal positions to take advantage of white America.

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls Essay examples -- An I

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls' An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. T... ...e unpunished. One must conclude that the Inspector's main purpose is to teach. In the context of the play, he told the characters what had happened to a particular girl because they had each been guilty of selfishness. In regards to the whole of society, he voiced Priestley's opinions that we cannot make any progress if we do not work together. In my opinion, those watching or reading the play today would not gain as much from the story in regards to the moral teachings because most have now accepted the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism and so do not have as much to learn on the arguments of this issue as the audiences of 1947. In regards to the question of what the Inspector actually was, I personally feel that there is not enough evidence given for even a strong, fact-supported theory to be produced to answer the question, let alone an infallible answer.

Observing Nonverbal Communication

Choose one of the following activities and record your observations in the space provided.Watch a television drama or comedy and write down all of the instances of nonverbal communication that you see. After watching the program, list each instance, classify it based on the list of types below, and place a plus sign (+) next to any example that contributed to the message and a minus sign (-) next to any that detracted from the message.Go to a park or shopping mall and sit in one spot where you can view different groups of people. Observe moods, body stance, hand gestures, eye movement, and voice pitch. Notice the different types of nonverbal communication exhibited by people of different ages (e.g., between two teenagers, two children, a teenager and a parent, a child and a parent, two adults). Note any nonverbal communication that suggests that people may be making decisions or resolving conflicts. Observe carefully and take good notes.For both activities, refer to the list of the e ight types of nonverbal communication as needed.body movements facial expressions and eye movements self-presentation distance touch time voiceGroup of girls feeling happy after finishing their exams.It suddenly started to rain and one of the friends with high voice tone said † I have brought my umbrella. She said â€Å"I am not like you guys, Who are having theirs cars and drivers†( Showing angry face).All girls went for lunch giving the umbrella to the girl who was very happy about finishing her exam and felt like dancing. Meanwhile the girl's mother called and asked her to come home while she was leaving for London. The girl  felt nervous and was squeezing her hands.* body movement- (-) I am not like you having drivers and cars) * facial expression-(+)girls feeling happy, (-)showing angry face, (-)girl felt nervous) * self presentation- (-) the girl was squeezing her hand, (+) i have brought my umbrella. * voice-(+) I have brought my umbrella! ( with high tone voic e).

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. Post office order P.O.O.Pay on return p.o.r.Pages pp.Postage and packing p pPer procuration p. proPrepaid ppd.Prompt ppt.Preference pref.Proximo prox.Postscript P.S.Payment pt.Please turn over P.T.O., p.t.o.Partly paid ptly. pd.Par value p.v.Quality qulty.Quantity qty.Riot and civil commotions r. c.c.Refer to drawer R/DRunning down clause R.D.C.In regard to   reReceived; receipt rec.Received recd.Redeemable red.Reference ref.Registered reg.Returned retd.Revenue rev.Refused on delivery   R.O.D.Reply paid R.P.Revolutions per second r.p.s.Please reply RSVPRight side up with care R.S.W.C.Railway RyStamped addressed envelope s.a.e.Stock at valuation S.A.V.Sea damaged S/DSight draft S/D, s.d.Without date s.d.Special drawing rights SDRSigned sgd.Sundays and holidays excepted s. h. exShipment shipt.Signature sig.Sue and labor clause S/LC, s l.c.Shiping note S/NSellers option s.o.Standard operating procedure s.o.p. Spot spt.Senior Sr.Steamship S.S., s.s.Short ton s.t.Sterling ster.Stock exchange St. Ex.Sterling stg.Sub voce s.v.Telegraphic address T.A.Trial balance T.B.Telephone tel.Temporary secretary temp.Total loss T.L., t.l.Total loss only T.L.O.Multiple telegram TMTurn over T.O.Transfer tr.Telegram to be called for TRTrust receipt TR, T/RTelegraphic transfer (cable) TT, T.T.Telex TXUrgent UGTUnder separate cover u.s.c.Underwriters U/wsVolt v.Value val.Value-added tax v.a.t.Very good vg.Very high frequency VHFVery highly recommended v.h.r.Wat w.With average WAWaybill W.B.Without charge w.c.West European Time W.E.T.Weight guaranteed wg.Warehouse whse.With other goods w.o.g.Weather permitting; without prejudice W.P.With particular average w.p.a.War risk W.R.Warehouse receipt W/R, wr.Weather working day W.W.D.Weight wt.ex coupon x.c.ex dividend x.d.ex interest x.i.ex new shares x.n.Year y.Yard yd. Year yr.Yearly yrly.

Freud COM 315 Essay

Freud COM 315 Essay Freud COM 315 Essay Freud interpreted dream, within his study he discovered psychoanalysis of dream. He explained the way our mind and thoughts are interpreted when we sleep. Freud claimed that repressed some of our dreams without even knowing. He also related many sexual relationships to our dreams, these sexual stages started when we were babies and lead up to our current age. Freud focuses on symbolism, symbolism in dreams played a major role in understanding, this gave the dreamer a better understanding of there dream and left no room for what this symbol meant: â€Å"Symbols are stable translations, they realize to some extent the ideal of the ancient as well as the popular interpretation of dreams, from which, with our technique, we had departed widely.† Another analysis is he claims we have a ‘manifest dream’, this is the part of the dream that we choose to remember. The ‘latent dream’ is where there is hidden meaning. Also along with symbolism, is the sexual symbol on our dreams, like an oven represents a child in the womb and trees and umbrellas can be related to male genitalia. Children and siblings in dreams can be seen as animals. A criticism on Freud’s work claims, â€Å"We are not, aware of everything that is going on in our minds, only that we are aware of little that is going on in our minds, only a small portion of our mental life is accessible to us.† We don’t know what these dreams means, which relates to the ‘manifest dream’, were the unconscious disguises the dream so we don’t know and never will know the inner meaning. Many people criticize Freud’s theory and say it’s â€Å"ridiculous†, â€Å"pencils and cigars as penises is simply absurd.† I believe this in trying to relate my dreams to what goes on in my life just doesn’t make sense. I try to just think of my dreams as media, just made imagery from my mind, something to keep me sleeping throughout the night, ‘sleep entertainment’, much like the entertainment we watch on television. If I dream of a an oven and baking, does this relate to birth (bun in oven), I d on’t think so, I use my oven everyday to cook â€Å"an oven is just an oven,† or as the criticism of Freud says, â€Å" Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.† When fairytales plays a role with dreams it has been said that a king and queen can be related to one’s mother and father. A person looks to their parents as these powerful fairytale characters in their dreams. I have to partly disagree because i grew up without parents and it’s hard for me to make a king and queen symbolize parents when I had my grandmother raise me. As for my daughter, who has grown up with the ‘norm’ mother and father, she may dream of kings and queens and relate this to my husband and I. Freud says that dreams have narrative structure just like the movies we see, so this is why he believes they have so much meaning just as the shows we watch. The

What Is TTY Mode How Does It Work on Cell Phones

What Is TTY Mode How Does It Work on Cell Phones SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A TTY (teletypewriter) is a device that helps people who are deaf, speech-impaired, or hard-of-hearing use a phone to communicate. While TTY devices were initially designed for landline phones, they are used today with both landlines and cell phones. In this article, I’ll be talking about TTY mode meaning on a cell phone and how to use it, as well as offering other, more modern options for people with hearing or speech impairments to communicate. What Is TTY Mode on a Cell Phone? A TTY device is used to communicate by people with speech and hearing impairments. A user with a speech impairment can type a message on the TTY machine and the machine will send the message through a phone line or mobile signal. For users with hearing impairments, the TTY machine will turn voice messages into text messages so the user can read them. While a TTY machine may sound a lot like text messaging, its actual functions are more seamless. TTY machines allow users to continuously communicate as part of one conversation, without receiving constant message notifications and updates like from text messages. During a TTY conversation, the messages appear immediately on the other party’s TTY screen without interruption. TTY devices can be connected to both landlines and cell phones, allowing for portable communication. Today, many cell phones have a TTY mode. What's the TTY mode meaning? Well, TTY mode allows the phone to function as a TTY device. Depending on the phone, it may have a built-in TTY software, allow you to connect the phone to an external TTY device, or both. Many phones have three different TTY modes: TTY Full, TTY VCO, and TTY HCO. TTY Full mode allows both the sender and receiver to communicate through TTY messages. TTY VCO mode is for hearing-impaired users who can send messages through voice, but need to receive messages on a TTY text display. TTY HCO mode is for users who can receive voice messages, but need to send text messages. How to Use TTY Mode on a Cell Phone You can activate TTY mode on both an Android phone and an iPhone. In this section, I’ll talk you through how to use TTY mode on both operating systems. How to Use TTY Mode on an iPhone Tap the â€Å"Settings† app. Tap â€Å"General† from the â€Å"Settings† menu. Tap â€Å"Accessibility† from the â€Å"General† menu. Select â€Å"TTY†. Select if you will use the built-in â€Å"Software TTY† or if you will attach an external device through â€Å"Hardware TTY.† Exit to the home screen. Select â€Å"Phone.† Select the person you want to call. When the call screen opens, tap the â€Å"TTY† button. Type the message you’d like to send to begin the call. If you’ve turned TTY mode on an iPhone on, you can make a call with or without the TTY mode. You can also return to the settings menu to turn TTY mode off if you no longer need it. How to Use TTY Mode on an Android Phone Select the â€Å"Applications† tab. Select the â€Å"Settings† application. Select â€Å"Call† from the â€Å"Settings† application. Select â€Å"TTY mode† from the â€Å"Call† menu. Select the desired TTY mode (TTY Off, TTY Full, TTY HCO, TTY VCO, which are three different types of TTY I discussed in the previous section). Tap back to the main menu to make a call. You can now select whether you want to make the call normally, or using the selected TTY mode. To turn TTY mode off, you simply follow the same steps and select â€Å"TTY off† from the TTY mode menu. Alternative Options for Communication for People With Speech or Hearing Impairments Today, physical TTY devices are fairly out-dated. Most people use TTY mode on their cell phones, or communicate through one of these alternative means. Text Messaging For people with speech and hearing impairments, text messaging has become one of the easiest and most effective means of communication. Text messaging is easy, built-in to every cell phone, and most tablets, and computers, and doesn’t require any extra set up. Video Calls The rise in video calling technology like Facetime, Google Hangouts, and Skype has made it easier for people with speech and hearing impairments to communicate using sign language. Today, people with these disabilities can use video conferencing technology to talk in real-time with their friends and loved ones using sign language that both parties can see. Video Relay Services Video Relay Service is a form of Telecommunications Relay Service that enables persons with hearing disabilities who use American Sign Language to communicate with voice telephone users through video equipment, rather than through typed text. Video equipment links the VRS user with a TRS operator (Called a communications assistant, or CA) so that the VRS user and the CA can see and communicate with each other in signed conversation. Because the conversation between the VRS user and the CA flows much more quickly than with a text-based TRS call, VRS has become an enormously popular form of TRS. Recap: Using TTY Mode on a Cell Phone What is TTY mode on a cell phone? TTY mode allows people with hearing and speech impairments to communicate by using text-to-voice or voice-to-text technology. Today, most cell phones are equipped with built-in TTY technology meaning that you don’t have to purchase an additional TTY device to communicate. There are also numerous other methods of communication for people with speech and hearing impairments, including text messaging, video calls, and video relay services.

Review Assignment Reimbursement Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review Assignment Reimbursement Memo - Essay Example The errors include the following issues in the below paragraphs. Persuasiveness in my presentation was not up to the point. That is; I was not able to argue out my presentation to bring out clear meaning. Moreover, my sentences were not correctly connected to thus making it hard for the reader to find the intended meaning of the memo. However, through the remarks from my supervisor, I have managed to correct the errors and ensure that my work quickly brings out the meaning. Language is another section that brought some mistakes to my previous work. In the last document, I employed vague pronouns thus distorting my primary objective in the document. Moreover, I did not use adequate examples to bring out my points clear. However, with the remarks from my supervisor, I was able to identify the mistake and corrected it immediately. Finally, paragraph segmentation is another section that I made it wrong. In this case, I did not make my paragraphs more objective. However, I have managed to identify the mistake done in the previous work, and I have done the corrections. Therefore, the correction of my work is in the page below. Florida International University offers the course and its classes run from May 11, 2015 to June 19, 2015. The total cost of the course is $607.13 which is apportioned as follows, online fee $199 and tuition fee $408.13. However, I am well prepared to meet the online price. As an assessment manager, the course will be of much help. That is; by the end of the course, I will have my communication skills. At the managerial position, I will be exposed to more sections that will enhance my communication skills. The skills gained in this post will enable me to write effectively business correspondence such as; Internet memos, emails, and reports. In this section, I will be in a position to go through various written memos and interact with different people thus boosting my

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 14

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example tz (2006), idioms are forms of figurative speech that use words or phrases to mean something else, especially the meanings that are indicated in the dictionary. In the event of a word to word translation of the entire phrase, it is obvious that the entire meaning of the idiom will be lost. For instance, the author may write, sit on the fence. This does not mean literally sitting on the fence, but in reality secluding oneself from a certain activity. Idioms aid in relaying the anticipated messages to the readers, by heightening their reasoning capability beyond the obvious denotation. Amphiboly is a form of language presentation whereby the author creates some form of grammatical mistakes through the organization of words in a sentence or idiom according to Morris (2000). More often than not, this creates some of uncertainty or construal of the wrong meaning as indicated by the authors. Where the author states that they are brewing beer is a good example. This may either mean that they are they are planning something destructive or brewing beer. In this case, the readers are aggravated to dig deeper in the real meaning that was to be depicted. Analogy on the other hand as a form of metaphorical speech refers to creation of a form of impression linking two things that are completely dissimilar in reality (Rieke & Silars, 1997). Analogy plays the function of creating a form of enlightment to the readers to find what the author attempts to conceal. The author may specify he is a dead computer. This means that the person is as good as dead, as they cannot function. â€Å"Flame words†Ã‚  in language are used by the authors to create a particular tone in the readers, especially a negative atmosphere. The author may need to insist on the readers that the work being portrayed has some a lot of negatives that the readers must put in mind while reading a text. For instance the author may use the title, A Death Trail to mean that the major theme in the work relates to a nasty

Marketing Management Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Management Concepts - Essay Example Alternative Management Channel Techniques. One of the alternative channel management technique that People's Bank can employ is the traditional brick and mortar model where they set up their buildings to support business transactions with customers (Murphy 2003). Also, they can likewise complement their online presence with brick and mortar product distribution. This is to capture markets which do not have access to the internet. People's Bank and the Societal Marketing Technique. The societal marketing concept firmly holds that "the organisation's task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors, in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer's and the society's well-being (Kotler 1994)." We can see that as People's bank utilize the best technology available and apply it to their business sector, efficiency is increased not only on the part of the customer but also to the business. However, there are some setbacks like high expenses due to high cost of energy. It can be noted that the skyrocketing costs of fuel in the world and domestic market will spill over as high energy consumption for consumers using this technology. Impact of Technology on Business.

To be determe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

To be determe - Essay Example The same thing is happening in the second poem Benevolence where the father is so weak that he can’t even talk properly. In both the poems the poet is speaking about the weaknesses and difficulties that the parents are facing because of their health. In the poems they are describing their weaknesses and their behavior and the way they changed. The poem describes the position of the poet when his mother was dependent on him for everything since she was weak and â€Å"past the point of saying no†. The poet says that this was a good chance for him to help her out and take care of her like she took care of him when he was young. He describes how he prepared a bath for her and made it â€Å"just right† after which he himself lowered her in it and cleaned her with soap and water. The poet uses crude words in describing the experience and explains how his mother’s body was wasted and in a sorry state. At nights when the poet used to be reading or working while his mother slept he often noticed the sharp breaths she took in sleep instead of the smooth breathing characteristic of a normal healthy person. He listened to that sound and the thought that came to his mind was that he was lucky enough that he was now getting a chance to pay back what his mother had done for him in his younger years. He seems to be an egoistic person who cannot take anything from anyone not even his mother. And therefore he thinks that by taking care of his mother at this stage is going to repay all that she did for him previously. He thinks that he can pay his â€Å"heavy debt of punishment and love/ with love and punishment†. Not only does the poet think about the love that his mother gave him, but also the punishments. And he actually sets upon to repay that as well. For instance, when he is lifting out his mother from the bath and before setting her down on the wheelchair

Choose one of the following Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose one of the following - Essay Example These camps moved on when the food supply at one place had diminished and created tools that would help their hunting and gathering inspired by the horns and fangs nature had given the animals from stone. Thus the human brain acquired what it had not been given by nature and helped the human race survive the age of mammoths and bison i.e. the last cold spell of the Ice Age (Gascoigne). The social structure of these nomadic tribes was based usually on kin-ship, and these were in comparison much smaller to the settlements of the Neolithic period because of the unsettled nature of the former (D.Erdal and Whiten). These tribes however were not headed by a single leader; instead various occupations entitled more than one group leaders. In a similar way the men did not rule over the women, the women were autonomous in their own specialties i.e. gathering and rearing children, while the men brought home meat (Dahlberg). The meat brought in by the men was also sometimes exchanged and shared among the members of the tribe (Gowdy). The end of this spell, around 10,000 years from today, marks the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution in many places around the world, which can help us speculate the factors behind the change of lifestyle among the humans of the Stone-Age (Gascoigne). The animals that the men hunted had either become extinct or had moved to colder regions (Gascoigne). This forced the hunters to follow, but the gatherers discovered the abundance and variety in the supply of edible plants and different animals that survived on these plants also. Melting of ice led to growth of life in lakes and ponds, thus presenting the homo-sapiens with easier alternatives and reasons to stay. The focus on plants and the conditions needed for their survival inspired the human brain to evolve their hunting practices into

To be determe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

To be determe - Essay Example The same thing is happening in the second poem Benevolence where the father is so weak that he can’t even talk properly. In both the poems the poet is speaking about the weaknesses and difficulties that the parents are facing because of their health. In the poems they are describing their weaknesses and their behavior and the way they changed. The poem describes the position of the poet when his mother was dependent on him for everything since she was weak and â€Å"past the point of saying no†. The poet says that this was a good chance for him to help her out and take care of her like she took care of him when he was young. He describes how he prepared a bath for her and made it â€Å"just right† after which he himself lowered her in it and cleaned her with soap and water. The poet uses crude words in describing the experience and explains how his mother’s body was wasted and in a sorry state. At nights when the poet used to be reading or working while his mother slept he often noticed the sharp breaths she took in sleep instead of the smooth breathing characteristic of a normal healthy person. He listened to that sound and the thought that came to his mind was that he was lucky enough that he was now getting a chance to pay back what his mother had done for him in his younger years. He seems to be an egoistic person who cannot take anything from anyone not even his mother. And therefore he thinks that by taking care of his mother at this stage is going to repay all that she did for him previously. He thinks that he can pay his â€Å"heavy debt of punishment and love/ with love and punishment†. Not only does the poet think about the love that his mother gave him, but also the punishments. And he actually sets upon to repay that as well. For instance, when he is lifting out his mother from the bath and before setting her down on the wheelchair

Product plcmnt s nw trnd n th UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14500 words

Product plcmnt s nw trnd n th UK - Essay Example Two of thÐ µ Ð µxponÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l growth of dÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"tÐ °l-onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ modÐ µs, such Ð °s wÐ µbsÃ'â€"tÐ µ, Ð µ-mÐ °Ã'â€"l, cÐ µll phonÐ µ modÐ µs Ð °nd product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt. Product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s, Ã'â€"n Ð ° mÐ °nnÐ µr dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt on "InsÃ'â€"dÐ µr" rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rch. AspÐ µct hÐ °s not bÐ µÃ µn formÐ °lly Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µsÐ µ studÃ'â€"Ð µs, thÐ µ rÐ µspondÐ µnts undÐ µrstÐ °nd thÐ µ concÐ µpt of product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt. ThÃ'â€"s suggÐ µsts thÐ °t rÐ µspondÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Al KÐ °rrh ET. study wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ rÐ µquÐ µstÐ µd to Ð °ddrÐ µss product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °s "pÐ °Ã'â€"d to thÐ µ lÐ °bÐ µlÐ µd products, or Ð µmblÐ µm of Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"ty, usÃ'â€"ng Ð °udÃ'â€"o Ð °nd / or vÃ'â€"suÐ °l Ð µntÐ °Ã'â€"ls progrÐ °mmÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ mÐ °ss of thÐ µ nÐ µwspÐ °pÐ µrs" (KÐ °rrh, 1998, p. 33). RussÐ µll Ð °nd BÐ µlch (2005) ThÐ µ usÐ µ of hybrÃ'â €"d pÐ µrÃ'â€"ods of promotÃ'â€"on Ð °nd sponsorshÃ'â€"p wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ contÐ µxt of product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd sponsor-ownÐ µd clÐ °ssÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd dÃ'â€"splÐ °ys (such Ð °s Ð µÃ °rly wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss "soÐ °p opÐ µrÐ °") Ð °s Ð °n Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ of Product PlÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt. VolumÐ µ numÐ µrous dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nctÃ'â€"ons, whÃ'â€"ch lÃ'â€"vÐ µ for product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt (FÃ'â€"g. 1) suggÐ µsts thÐ °t product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ã'â€"ncludÐ µs Ð ° progrÐ °m dÐ µsÃ'â€"gnÐ µd to support thÐ µ logo Ð °nd thÐ µ plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s dÐ µsÃ'â€"gnÐ µd to support thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnt contÐ µnt, Ð °nd possÃ'â€"bly Ð ° pÃ'â€"cturÐ µ of sponsorshÃ'â€"p. If thÃ'â€"nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °bout product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °s "brÐ °ndÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"nmÐ µnt", Ð °s proposÐ µd by Hudson Ð °nd Hudson (2006), covÐ µrs Ð °ll thÐ µ followÃ'â€"ng sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on mÐ °y dÐ µsÃ'â€"gnÐ °tÐ µ Ð °s thÐ µ product plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt: †¢ thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnt Ã'â€"s ownÐ µd Ð °nd / or strongly Ð °pprovÐ µd thÐ µ logo, whÐ µrÐ µ only onÐ µ Ð µmblÐ µm Ã'â€"s Ð ° pÐ °rtnÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnt (dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð µÃ °rly wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss dÃ'â€"splÐ °ys such Ð °s Lux ThÐ µÃ °trÐ µ Ð °nd Lucky StrÃ'â€"kÐ µ ProgrÐ °m wÃ'â€"th JÐ °ck... ThÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnt hÐ °s Ð µvolvÐ µd to support thÐ µ logo, Ð °lthough Ð ° fÐ µw pÐ µrÃ'â€"ods of plÐ µnty, tÃ'â€"mÐ µs of "AdvÐ µrtÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng" Ð °nd "Ð °dvÐ µrgÐ °mÃ'â€"ng" Ð °rÐ µ most rÐ µlÐ µvÐ °nt to thÐ °t concÐ µpt Ð °nd thÐ µ bÐ µst known. AdvÐ µrgÐ °mÃ'â€"ng sÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ logo Ã'â€"ntroducÐ µd Ã'â€"n sports computÐ µr Ð °nd dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ NÐ µstlÐ µ NÐ µsquÃ'â€"ck Ð °nd KÐ µllogg's CocoPops sÃ'â€"tÐ µs, BÐ °skÐ µtbÐ °ll Ð °dvÐ µrgÐ °mÐ µ for SprÃ'â€"tÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ lÐ °st FIBA World ChÐ °mpÃ'â€"onshÃ'â€"p Ã'â€"n bÐ °skÐ µtbÐ °ll, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ BÐ °rclÐ °ys communÐ °l Ð °dvÐ µrgÐ °mÐ µ TrÐ °nsÐ °Ã'â€"d ChÐ °llÐ µngÐ µ, to support thÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µvolÐ µnt humÐ °nÃ'â€"ty Ð °ssÐ µmbly TrÐ °nsÐ °Ã'â€"d, whÃ'â€"ch works (pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly Ã'â€"n AfrÃ'â€"cÐ °) to Ð °dvÐ °ncÐ µ through thÐ µ trÐ °nsport Ã'â€"s orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ð °nd gà 'â€"vÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ bÐ µttÐ µr Ð °ccÐ µss to bÐ °sÃ'â€"c sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs such Ð °s hÐ µÃ °lth Ð °nd lÃ'â€"vÐ µlÃ'â€"hoods. AdvÐ µrtÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng rÐ µfÐ µrs to thÐ µ contÐ µnt or thÐ µ Ð µmblÐ µm of clÃ'â€"ps supplÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð °s mÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"-movÃ'â€"Ð µs, whÐ µn thÐ µ clÐ °ss of thÐ µ nÐ °mÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð °dvÐ µrtÃ'â€"sÐ µr. ExÐ °mplÐ µs Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ thÐ µ BMW lÐ µÃ °sÐ µ, stÐ °rrÃ'â€"ng ClÃ'â€"vÐ µ OwÐ µn, Ð ° BrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"sh plÐ °yÐ µr, Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of Skyy vodkÐ ° from www.skyy.com whÃ'â€"ch housÐ µs somÐ µ of thÐ µ mÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"-movÃ'â€"Ð µs.†¢ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µ Ð µmblÐ µm usÐ µd Ð °s props to Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µ / support thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnt contÐ µnt (Ð °t thÐ µ dÃ'â€"scrÐ µtÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ crÐ µÃ °tor of thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts). BrÐ °nds usÐ µ thÃ'â€"s pÐ °th cÐ °n bÐ µ chosÐ µn Ã'â€"n rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"on to thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts crÐ µÃ °tor for pÐ °y or wÃ'â€"thout pÐ °y, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ thÐ µ prÐ µvÃ'â€"ous Ã'â€"s morÐ µ common.RussÐ µll Ð °nd BÐ µlch (2005) ThÐ µ usÐ µ of hybrÃ'â€"d Ð °rrÐ °ngÐ µmÐ µnts bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn promotÃ'â€"on to thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst stÐ °tus, Ð °nd Hudson Ð °nd Hudson (2006) mÐ °rkÐ µd Ð ° pÐ µrÃ'â€"od of Ð µntÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"nmÐ µnt Ð °rrÐ °ngÐ µmÐ µnts wÃ'â€"th Ð °ll thrÐ µÃ µ. TrÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on for Ð °ny kÃ'â€"nd of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"t wÐ °s rÐ µcollÐ µctÃ'â€"on Ð µstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µs.

Existentialism in the Stranger and the Metamorphosis Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in the Stranger and the Metamorphosis Essay â€Å"We are thrown into existence first without a predetermined nature and only later do we construct our nature or essence through our actions. †(Existentialism)This quote is present through the main characters of The Stranger, Blade Runner, and The Metamorphosis in each of these works the characters create their own nature. These works are similar several ways; in all three the men create their own nature by the free choices they make. Through these choices they also create their own values. The characters values and meanings of life are where these works differ. Initially, in The Metamorphosis, Gregor’s life seems to have meaning, through providing for his family, until he changes into a bug and determines for himself that his life really has no meaning. This is very unlike The Stranger because Meursault, throughout the entire work, lives his life as if there is no meaning to life and he dies knowing this. Finally Deckard, at the beginning of his life, seems to have lived his life with no meaning or values, until he encounters Roy and Rachael who change his perspective. Throughout these works these men make makes choices that determine who they are and what their about, but ultimately every one of them knows their subsequent mortality. It is clearly understood through Meursault’s narration that life to him is meaningless. The choices he makes and things he says are without thought or meaning. They are usually in the spur of the moment of what will please him. For example the novel starts by Meursault telling the audience â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know. I got a telegram from the home: Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours. That doesn’t mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday†(The Stranger). Meursault treats his mother’s death with the same demeanor with which he will later treat the death of the Arab. Both of these events are usually different in the types of emotions they reveal, but Meursault shows no emotion at all. He just goes through the day to day motions of life. Through his narration and the tone of the novel the reader is clearly able to determine Meursault lives with no emotion or essence. He accepts who he is and his mortality. In the end he accepts a punishment that is not worthy of the crime. He knows even if he doesn’t get executed he will die anyway whether its ten years from now or fifty. Clearly The Stranger questions the reader whether humans really have a meaning for life since in the end everyone will die and be forgotten. It seems that Camus meant to get the point across that in life there is no predetermined nature people create it through their choices. Meursault chooses to live his life with little or no meaning. Unlike Marie who falls in love with Meursault and chooses to support him even though he didn’t care if they got married. Like Marie in The Stranger Gregor, who is the main character, in The Metamorphosis has a mean and value to his life. Gregor supports his family because his father failed and never went back to work. Gregor had it all good job, money, and ability. He chose to support his family and allow them to live a nice life while he worked and traveled with little time for himself. Gregor doesn’t like his job, but he chooses to stay because it offers good money and he will pay of debt. All of these choices are Gregor’s they are what he based his life off of. When he changes into a bug his mentality is altered. He begins to realize that all that he did for his family eventually is forgotten and soon he is forgotten about too. Kafka relates this to the human race and its inevitable end. When humans die in the beginning they are remembered, but slowly people forget, or lose interest, until eventually that person is totally forgotten about and life goes on. This previous statement is clearly seen in the novel when the family moves and decides that is time to marry off their daughter. They never mention anything about the loss of their son. In Blade Runner the main character Deckard destroys replicants. He does his job and usually never questions the reasons why he destroys the human-like robots. The director seems to try to get across the point early that Deckard lives a meaningless life. He does whatever he wants whenever he wants. At first it seems like he lives a life much like Meursault, but later it becomes clear that he is trying to find a meaning for life. When talking to Roy, Deckard realizes that in life everyone is going to die and that everything that person did would be forgotten and lost. At the same time Roy explains the value of life, the choices, love, and things humans can experience. Blade Runner tries to get across to the viewer that they are who they want to be and that in the end the choices and things they’ve seen will be forgotten and meaningless. In all three works the slogan â€Å"Existence precedes Essence† (Existentialism) is present. Each one of the main characters makes their choices which determine their nature. Every one of the characters at some point realizes that they all share a common trait with the rest of the human race and that is death. They also know that in the end they will be forgotten about and eventually everyone will move on with their lives as if they never existed. These works differ in the way each character goes about their lives. Meursault believes there is no meaning to life so he lives his life on the fly. He does whatever pleases him. Gregor begins with a life he has chosen for himself only to realize that eventually all that he has done will be forgotten and lost. Finally Deckard begins with no meaning and tries to determine a meaning through replicants. He realizes that the choices in his life are what makes his life meaningful. Throughout these works Existentialism was present. The characters offered a glimpse of the reason for existence. Whether it was for providing for a family or killing replicants each one of the character in the end determined that life was only the choices that they make. Ultimately they all learned that everything they did and chose to do was meaningless when they were dead and there is no way to avoid it.

Organizational Structure of Cadbury | Cadbury Business Analysis

Organizational Structure of Cadbury | Cadbury Business Analysis In 1866 when the brothers introduced the process of pressing the cocoa butter out of the cocoa beans. The benefits for the Cadbury brothers was that they could use the butter to make different types of eating chocolate the first of which was the Cadburys dairy milk. A description of Cadburys and their aims and objectives Cadbury is an international company that makes market and sells unique brands chocolate. Cadbury have done this successfully for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a clear understanding of the needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders. Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in the region, with the site playing host to Cadbury World and being a major production and distribution centre. (Coursework, 2003) Internal Environment: Financial analysis- Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury.co.nz, 2012) Internal organization and structure- Cadbury organization is based on a democratic. Management style decisions are made as a result of a consultation process involving various members of the organization (Cadbury). Cadbury Schweppes also have two different structures. The structure that they use for their board of directors has been re-designed to clarify accountability and enable swifter diction-making. (Quote taken from www.cadburyschweppes.com). Looking at the improved organization structure it is clear to see who is in charge of which departments within the business. (123Helpme, 2012) Looking at Cadburys it is clear to see that the company, over time, has delivered the amount of: Workforce it employees and replaced them with more efficient machines. Outsourcing areas of the company like maintenance and market research. Employees are now multi skilled, thus able to work in more than one area of the business. The company has increased its production and profitability or the restructuring. The Cadbury factories all work independently and the company as a hole is decentralized as each factory uses the resources (E.g. milk) of the country they are in. (123Helpme, 2011) Departments- Inside a business there are many different functional departments all created to help the company in its organizational methods. There are many different departments involved with Cadburys, as there are in any business all used for different functions. These are: Marketing and Sales Finance Administration and IT support Operations Research and Development Production Customer Services Human Resources Many of these all blend in together on the area of their focus but still all play an important part in the running of the business. The three departments that I will be focusing on are marketing and Sales, Operations and Administration and IT support. (123Helpme, 2011) Human Resource- Each of Cadburys factories have a HR department, which deal with the factories demand for: 1. New staff with a good skill level or possible past factory experience. 2. Train new/current staff to be able to use new equipment correctly and efficiently. 3. Help current employees with any problems they may have in their work place. (123Helpme, 2011) 5) Manufacturing/services processes Flow chart of Process Analysis at Cadbury (Source: Slideshare, 2010) 6) Management- Cadburys management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. (Cadbury, 2012). It would work well in large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the outcome will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. (Cadbury, 2012) 7) Research and Development- The Science Product Development teams significantly influence the development of strategic plans and initiatives, leading cross functional teams to resolve technical and business challenges. They are relentless champions of continuous improvement, identifying new programs and insights to benefit the business, significantly contributing and influencing the direction of strategic initiatives to leverage us to a sustainable competitive advantage. (Itsyourkindofplace, 2011) 8) Marketing Function- Cadbury believes that parents and guardians are the most important influence in the development of children. They do not advertise where children under the age of eight years are likely to be the majority of the audience. They also do not believe that its appropriate to sell our confectionery products through vending machines in primary schools and we will not do so. Cadbury will only provide vending machines in secondary schools when were asked to do so by the education or school authority, and when the products meet nutritional guidelines set by the authority. Cadbury organization is proud of its brands. They provide fun and enjoyment as treats or refreshment, and are valued for their functional benefits. They can be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle. They provide choice by offering variety and through innovation and encourage responsible consumption, as this is central to consumers continuing to enjoy our brands. (Cadbury, 2012) Location- Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand. Cadbury is a confectionery company owned by Kraft Foods and is the industrys second-largest globally after Mars, Incorporated. Headquartered London, United Kingdom, the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It has main branches in Australia, England, New Zealand and South Africa. In New Zealand the main factory is in Dunedin. (Wikipedia, 2012) External Relationship- William was the second son of Richard Cadbury, who has strong Quaker traditions which influenced his whole life. William Cadbury established the Trust soon after his two years as Lord Mayor of Birmingham from 1919 to 1921, wishing to give more help to the causes in which he was interested. One such was the building of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, a medical centre with the space and facilities to bring together the small specialized hospitals scattered throughout Birmingham, giving them the benefit of up to date buildings, shared administration, shared services and hostels for nurses. Through this charity, he also secured several properties for the National Trust. (Bstrust, 2012) Today trustees are guided by William Cadburys concern for the welfare and wellbeing of the inhabitants of Birmingham and the surrounding area, his interest in the work of the Society of Friends at home and abroad and his belief in the continuing need for Penal Reform. (Cadbury, 2012) The Barrow Cadbury Trust is an independent, charitable foundation, committed to supporting vulnerable and marginalized people in society. The Trust provides grants to grassroots voluntary and community groups working in deprived communities in the UK, with a focus on Birmingham and the Black Country. It also works with researchers, think tanks and government, often in partnership with other grant-makers, seeking to overcome the structural barriers to a more just and equal society. (Bstrust, 2012) Competitive Positioning- Cadbury is the number one company in the chocolate making or production in New Zealand in 1824. The main focus of the Cadbury is quality. Its target market is all age groups. From then onwards Cadbury is doing well and gaining the attractions of the customers. Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. The company rebounded from negative media attention in 2009 to reclaim a lost percentage point in value share during 2010, to account for 52%, making it by far the largest player in chocolate confectionery. (Cadbury, 2012). During 2009, the company downsized the size of its chocolate tablets while retaining the same prices. Furthermore, it began to use palm oil in its production of chocolate (as a replacement for cocoa butter), which sparked a huge public outcry. The company therefore reversed the latter decision to protect its local image. In global terms Kraft Foods Inc purchased Cadbury in early 2010. Despite the concern that the Kraft acquisition would mean that New Zealand Cadbury favorites would be in danger, no changes have been made to local Cadbury offerings. Cadbury Confectionery Ltd was consistently the number one ranked company across all chocolate confectionery segments, exce pt chocolate with toys. (Euromonitor, 2011) Whittaker and Nestle are also great chocolate manufacturing companies and is specialist in making their own products. Nestle is specialist in making white chocolates and Whittaker is topped in the launching dark chocolates. The share value of growth sale of Cadbury, Whittaker and Nestle is given below in the pie chart. Ethical Standing- Cadbury signed with the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) to sponsor teams in the upcoming Vancouver 2010 Games and the London 2012 Olympics. This followed on from Cadbury committing to Tier Two sponsor status of the London 2010 Olympic and Paralympics Games and also sponsoring the Australian Olympic Committee. (Sportspromedia, 2010) There sponsorship contributed towards helping New Zealand athletes achieve their dreams and delivered the most successful Olympic campaigns New Zealand had ever seen. Cadbury is committed to growing responsibly. They believe responsible business comes from listening and learning, and having in place a clear CSR vision and strategy. Vision Working together to create brands people love. (Sportspromedia, 2010) Cadbury is a leading brand in fundraising and provides its partners, The House of Fundraising and Interworld Fundraising, with a range of top selling products from Cadbury. (Cadbury, 2012) They see CSR as a positive contributor to their competitive strategy. Increasingly they think of it as more about doing responsible things profitably than just doing the profitable things responsibly. CSR strategy Five Pillars of CSR: marketing, food and consumer trends; ethical sourcing and procurement; environment; quality, health and safety; human rights and employment standards; and community. (Innovation.cadbury, 2012) Others Another very successful TV campaign that Cadbury has launched recently is Moro 4th best which encourages Kiwis to give it a go and celebrates the underdog as all Kiwis can! Sales have progressed well for all products launched, demonstrating the strength of Cadbury brand and its heritage of launching successful innovation to market. (Archivesearch, 2009) External Environment: Demography- Demography is the main thing if someone is selling the products. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. The story starts with Once upon a time in 1948à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ when Cadbury entered the Indian market. It originated from a town in the United Kingdom, Bourneville in 1905. (Cadbury, 2012) As the Cadburys official web site suggests, its journey in India has been an eventful one. In the early 1990s, it tried to cater to the sweet tooth of the children. Those days they steered the market and took control over the companys major market share. However, the strategy changed by letting out the secret that Everyone has a child inside and thus everyone craves for the taste of chocolate. Cadbury strategies went through a considerable change. It now catered from children to adults. There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing. Diabetes: Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood. Over time, this can cause damage to many parts of the body. Diabetes is common about 170,000 people in New Zealand have diabetes and rising rapidly as more of us are getting fatter. Based on the most likely future scenario, the diabetes epidemic is forecast to grow rapidly over the 15 years from 1996 to 2011. (Healthnavigator, 2012) Forecast increase in number of (diagnosed) diabetics, 1996 to 2011 (Source: Healthnavigator,2012) Economics- Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate is the leader chocolate in overall New Zealand. It will now include Fair trade Certified products in its range. Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate products becoming Fair trade Certified will increase Fair trade chocolate sales 20 fold, and double last years total sales of Fair trade Certified products in New Zealand and Australia. The scale of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate going Fair trade is massive with more than 5.7 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks in New Zealand and estimated 350 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks globally in 2010. (Cadbury, 2012). The move is the result of nearly two years of work with Cadburys Fair trade partners globally. It follows more than 100 years of pioneering ethical chocolate production, including the ground-breaking Cadbury Cocoa Partnership where Cadbury is providing NZ$120 million over 10 years to improve the lives of cocoa farmers. (ChocolateCarnival, 2009) Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the wake of rising operating and ingredient costs, Cadbury is reducing manufacturing costs so its products remain affordable at the checkout. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Dunedin upgrade into a world class specialist manufacturing facility is almost complete and it will make iconic products such as Cadbury Jaffas, Pascall Pineapple Lumps, Cadbury Chocolate Fish, Cadbury Pinky, and boxed chocolates for Australia and New Zealand as well as chocolate crumb, the base ingredient in Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate. (Cadburyworld, 2012) Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury, 2012) Political and legal- Cadbury food labeling laws are very precise about what can and cannot be called chocolate. Chocolate is any product made from cocoa nibs, cocoa mass, cocoa, fat-reduced cocoa or any combination of two or more of these ingredients, with or without extracted cocoa butter and sucrose. Dark Chocolate must not contain less than 35% total dry cocoa solids, of which at least 14% must be dry non-fat cocoa solids. Milk chocolate must either be 20:20, with a minimum of 20% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 20% milk solids (minimum 5% milk fat). Dairy Milk is this type of milk chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) 14:25, with a minimum of 25% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 14% milk solids (minimum 3.5% milk fat). This type of milk chocolate can be called European or coating chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) The Food Standards Agency is responsible for checking that the law is upheld on the safety of materials that come into contact with food (e.g. food processing machinery and packaging) and food labeling. Labels must contain certain information, e.g. the product`s name, the companys name, a list of ingredients, special storage instructions). Companies have to make sure they know what the law is and that they conform to it. Two important laws are: Food Safety Act, 1990 Sale and Supply of Goods Act, 1994 Covers four main areas: Goods must: 1. Labeling 1. Be of a satisfactory quality 2. Additives 2. Fit the description given 3. Composition (or content) 3. Be fit for their purpose as made known to the seller 4. Public health and hygiene. (Source: Skillsspace, 2012) Social and culture- The culture of Cadburys started out being paternalistic as the company was devoted to making its employees feel welcome and valued within the company. Cadburys relied on its staff very heavily as without a vast employee base the company would not be the big corporation it is today. Cadburys built their famous Bourneville site along with accommodation for gaining the attractions of an employee so the workforce would be close to their place of business. Along with this the factory was built in the middle of a garden so when employees had finished work or were on a break they had somewhere to relax as well as socialize with other colleges on a Sunday as the factory was closed. Today Cadburys have become a company who has a culture, which is interested in keeping its stakeholders happy. Along with this and the advancement in technology Cadburys have now lost its broad employee range and replaced it with machines and now only employ enough staff to keep the machines going. By being stakeholder driven the company has now become controlled by shareholders who are mainly interested in the company making a profit. (123helpme, 2011) Technology- The special taste and texture of Cadbury chocolate is based on long traditions of expertise in chocolate recipe and processing methods unique to Cadbury. In this competitive era and due to advancement in science, technologies are improving and getting more reliable for the people and new technology enables the process to be highly tuned to consumers evolving tastes and preferences. Chocolate production is a highly sophisticated, computer controlled process, with much of the new specialist technology and machinery being produced to Cadburys own design and specification. The Dunedin facility employs over 700 personnel and produces in excess of 5,000t of chocolate crumb every year as well as finished products. (Cadbury, 2012). The factory is the largest chocolate manufacturing plant in New Zealand. It supplies finished products for the domestic markets in New Zealand and Australia and, in addition, exports chocolate crumb to Cadbury finishing plants in Australia, Pakistan and China. Dunedin in New Zealand was chosen by Cadbury because of its excellent infrastructure and a plentiful supply of rich milk for chocolate production. Chocolate crumb is a commodity that is in demand globally as the consumption of chocolate per capita worldwide increases to record levels. (Tourism.net, 2012) Economy- In December 2006 Cadbury Schweppes, the well-known confectionery manufacturer, announced the expansion of its operation in New Zealand on the South Island in the city of Dunedin. The expansion project required a total investment of NZ$69m (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39m). (Cadburyworld, 2012). In August 2008, an additional investment was announced taking the total amount of investment in the project to NZ$69m. Part of the investment was contributed through the Investment New Zealand Strategic Investment Fund. This amount was around NZ$2m and was granted ostensibly for Cadbury to establish an international chocolate crumb research and product development centre at the Dunedin site. (Tourism, 2012) Cadbury contributed a further NZ$17.5m for new buildings, plant and environmental work. The company provided a further NZ$500,000 for the RD centre. (Foodprocessing, 2012). Contractors working for Cadbury Schweppes included Production Logistics NZ for control system integration and software development for the manufacturing control systems. Streak Automation has also worked on the Pack100 Wrapper Automation upgrade that involved the redesign and upgrade of the PLC and servo controls and mechanics for the high-speed wrapping machine, which wraps all of the small-size chocolate at the site. Finally, the manufacturing areas (surfaces, pipes, machinery and ceilings) at Dunedin use a special paint with low volatiles (low odor) to avoid tainting the products. (Foodprocessing-technology, 2011) SWOT Analysis- Strengths: Large teeming population of kids and teenagers Well established market Vast variety of products Priced according to Indian mind set Easy availability of cocoa in New Zealand Weakness: Large portion of population suffers from diabetes, cholesterol disorders etc Dental problems associated with consumption of chocolates. Opportunities: Innovative uncaptured chocolate market in New Zealand (such as sugar free chocolate sector). Large number of occasion celebrations and festivals in which chocs are used as a medium to convey happiness. Increasing acceptance of Globalisation and better relationship with foreign companies. Threats Competition- cut throat competition from nestle, Whitakers and international choc brands. Negative publicity and contrivances. Negative publicity and contrivances. New entrance and individual players ( rise in sale of homemade chocolates) Preference and availability of other substitutes ( sweets and deserts). Marketing Objectives: Market Share- Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. It has 52 % share in the market. But now its main objective is to increase its market share from 52% to 60%. For this Cadbury will now introduce more products to cater the needs of the different age sectors of the people by serving them with best quality and taste with best prices too. Growth- Cadbury has many factories for different products. Its main factory in New Zealand is in Dunedin. But nowadays the people are getting health conscious and they are getting less attracted towards the sugar products especially the children and oldies. So to satisfy their need and gain their attentions Cadbury will introduce a sugar free chocolate to resolve their unsatisfactory or unnecessary attentions towards sugar products. So to get this in existence and competition Cadbury will produce or build up new factories for sugar free chocolate at Dunedin. Cadbury will invest NZ$ 70 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and introduce a sugar free chocolate manufacturing plant and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Unit Sales- The staggering 120 million of Chocolate bars are sold every year and out of it 60 million of bars are of Cadbury and it uses 33000 liters of milk is used in the everyday production of chocolate at Dunedin chocolate plant. But now Cadbury`s main aim is to keep the unit up to 100 million every year. Sales $ %- Cadbury has sale of $120 millions in the last fiscal year. But now It is launching Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite, so its main aim is to take the sale up to $150 millions in the upcoming years. Profits- Cadbury always been there in market for the customer. So cater the need of all the group ages its taking this step and launching sugar free chocolate for the kids sector, middle age sectors and oldies as well. Also it will be beneficial for the diabetic patients and for those who are very health conscious as this sector people are increasing day by day. So Cadbury believes that its a possible. Marketing Strategies: Marketing Objectives of the company has a straight focus on the customers demand and cater the need of all age sectors customers and get the company at the top peak of all confectionary companies and remained stand on the first among all the chocolate companies by servicing best quality for which Cadbury is known for. Target Sector- The main target of Cadbury will be Kids although the other age sectors can eat it. Children (more Crazy) Youth (Gift) Parents (Care of own children) Older Age (After Having Dinner or Lunch) Promotions- Events( Christmas Celebration, Easter Shows, annually) Magazines( Women`s Weekly, 6 months) Websites( Facebook, ongoing) Posters(Retail Outlets, ongoing) Television( TV 2, Sticky TV -1 Year and TV 3-Saturday Night Movies, 1 Year) Place- Major Super Markets( New World, Countdown, Super Value Market, Pak n Save) Service Stations Medical Clinics , Rest Homes Pharmacy Dairys and convenience stores School Canteens Price- Price is an important element of the marketing mix. Initially Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will come in the Market with an introductory price of 99c .This price will be valid for 3 months. Then the price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. At the end of the introductory offer, the new price will be set between $1 and $2 depending on factors such as the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reaches in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. Products- Bars and Toffee Milk Family Packs Packing and Branding Square and Blocks Cadbury will first introduce its Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite in Bars and Toffee Milk for all age sectors people. After the 3 months Cadbury will launch Family Packs or can say Gift Packs so that it can be given as a presents at wedding ceremony, birthday parties and on every happy occasions. Then within six months Square and Blocks will come in existence in new shape of Cadbury with a same packaging and branding. Marketing Mix Tactics- Price: Price relates to the pricing strategy for your products or services. Pricing should take into consideration how much the market is prepared to pay (market demand pricing) and mark-ups that are needed to cater for overheads, other costs and profit margins. The provision of credit to clients, the range of credit cards accepted, volume discounting and incentives for early payment are other things to consider in your pricing strategy. So Price is the only marketing mix on which the company turnover depends. It can affect the sale percentage of an organization. As first Cadbury launches its Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite in the bar and toffee milk form. So first the toffee milk will be in pack that is 2 toffee milk in 1 pack of 99c and bar will be of $1.99 with 50g. As new machinery will be there so its easy and comfortable for the production. As mostly the bar chocolate rates are more than expected so it will be beneficial for a Cadbury Market to launch a bar chocolate at reasonable price. For this Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will come in the Market with an introductory price of 99c .This price will be valid for 3 months. Then the price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. At the end of the introductory offer, the new price will be set between $1 and $2 depending on factors such as the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reaches in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. Fo r Toffee milk as mentioned above the inductor price will be 99 c on 1 pack containing two toffee milk. Then onwards in the next phase of marketing it will remain same on 99c but with some discount like 4 packs for 3 dollars up to December 2012. In the next 3 months after launching of bars and toffee milk Family pack will come in the market in the size of 350g with price of $4.99. Then within the 6 months blocks will be in existence in 200g with $2.99 and get 2 blocks in only $ 4.99. It lasts for 3 months and then price will be change depending upon the marketing sale. Place: Place plays a vital role in the marketing and if it will differs from the objective that is what a company needs to do and how to increase a sale and what`s the target market as well then it can badly affect the organization. As it is well known that Cadbury is the big and number 1 company in chocolate making and now exists under the Kraft food which has a largest confectionary share in the whole market so it will not be difficult to find a place of its marketing. But as Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will be there so new place will also be entered in its market that is medical care centre like pharmacy, clinics, school colleges etc. Dunedin is the biggest factory of Cadbury chocolate production. So all the production will occur and maintain here and then it will be distributed to rest of the places like Super Markets like Countdown, New World, Pak n Save, Dairy Shops, Service Stations, School and College Canteens and on Pharmacy as well. It will be openly distributed to all parts and zone of New Zealand. Product: Cadbury has many products in his market. All satisfy the need of customer. So every company has a goal to attract a different target sector customer. In other words Demographic factor is an important one if any organization launches a product. So production of the product should depend on this factor. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. Now Cadbury will be launching Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite which is sugar free chocolate. As the There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing.

Oppression of Native Americans Essay examples -- history, craniology,

Two-hundred years ago, there was a scientific study on the brains of Native Americans called the craniology and phrenology. The Europeans examined only indigenous people’s heads and were forbidden to use any European’s brains. The Europeans did three experiments, such as decapitating the tops of the heads and filling them with sand to see if their brains were smaller than blacks. The Europeans also looked at the bones and said that if the bones were in a certain way (such as natives cheek bones being up higher) the person was thought to be stupid. The last experiment the Europeans did to American Indians was that they had a small devise that they would put on the head and it would slice the brain open. There would be an award for retrieving a male’s brain that was five cents. By retrieving a woman’s brain the price would be three cents, and lastly a child’s brain which would be two cents. This is when the term redskin was invented (Poupart, 2014). Although we often remember First Nation communities by their history of oppression by the Europeans, as established above, present day communities are defined much differently. The Anishinabeg are an independent, non-interference sovereign nation and they follow their own rules by oral traditions. They are also a nation who were oppressed, exploited, and also misunderstood by non-Native Americans. When asked about the definition of a sovereign nation, Selma Buckwheat (September 25, 2013), elder member of the Anishinabeg tribe, explains by stating, â€Å"We govern ourselves and have our own laws† (personal communication). They have a lot of meetings that help understand most of the sovereign nations. In other words, a sovereign nation is power or a territory existing as an independent s... ...government’s policies. The changes of the 1900’s influenced many people such as historians, writers, film-makers, and other non-Native-Americans, causing them to view Indians in an increasingly sympathetic way. The non-Native Americans perceived Indians as a historically-oppressed minority who were victimized by imperial conquests and were dignified as peace-loving people in a sovereign nation. Works Cited Poupart, L. (2014, October 16). First Nations Studies: Social Justice. University of Wisconsin Green-Bay. Loew, P. (2001). Indian Nations of Wisconsin: histories of endurance and renewal. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Mihesuah, D. (1996). American Indians stereotypes and realities. Atlanta: Clarity Press. Poupart, L. (2000). Ojibwe Women of the Western Great Lakes. Retrieved from D2L. https://uwgb.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/

Should Scholarship Athletes Work? :: essays research papers

Should Scholarship Athletes Work? Should college athletes on full ride scholarships be able to hold a job during the school year? Well up until Monday, January 12, 1997, full scholarship athletes were forbidden to hold jobs during the school year. For the last five years this has been a very controversial issue in the National Collegiate Athletic Association, known as the NCAA. Imagine being from a poor family and going to college on a full-ride scholarship for basketball. Under the old legislation, that player is not allowed to work or receive money from the school. In turn the player cannot afford to even travel home over the holidays to be with his family. Athletes should be able to hold a job during the school year in order to get the valuable experience of working and make enough money to cover living expenses and traveling costs. Under the new legislation, which was passed at the NCAA Convention, Division I athletes on full scholarship will be allowed to earn enough money to match the full cost of attending school. Athletic scholarships typically cover room, board, books and tuition, but do not cover costs for trips home, gas, laundry and other items. The determination of how much money covers those things is made by each school's financial aid office; most administrators have estimated the costs to be between $2,000 and $3,000 a year. Athletes who choose to work, and their employers, will be required to sign an affidavit that says the athletes have not been hired on the basis of their athletic ability or status and that they will be compensated only for the work they perform at a rate commensurate with the local rate of pay for such work. Critics of the legislation that passed said it opens the door for the very problems that originally sparked the regulation, athletes being paid for menial labor, and that keeping track of how much money athletes are earning will be difficult. But according to Big Ten Commissioner Jim Delany, "Sure there will be bogus jobs,'' he said. "It'll open up a can of worms, but I think we have to start living with cans of worms and let the presidents, athletic directors, and board of trustees handle it.'' It makes more sense to have the schools required to enforce the new regulations involved than it does to ask the NCAA to handle it. The schools have first hand account o f all the players at their school, therefore they are in the best position to enforce the new legislation's requirements. On the job experience is essential when looking for a job after college.

Managing Overtime Worked in the Workplace

In the following report, I will be give illustrations and possible solutions for an overburdening problem that exists in the U.S. Postal service Operations throughout the country. Overtime is an age-old problem that has gone long overdue without someone or a group paying serious attention to correcting this problem. The United States Postal Service is a large organization with many facets of operations; I will be concentrating on what we call the Field Operation or Area Office. This is where the public comes into personal contact with the Postal Service either by way of the individual letter carrier (mailman) or the window clerk who assists with business transacted at the post office. Every community across America has a Post Office. We are one of the most visible employers in the world. The U.S. Postal Service employs approximately 750 thousand diverse people. Many different cultures and nationalities come together to combine as an efficient workforce that gets the job done. The pay is moderate, so it would be pretty difficult to become independently wealthy working for the Postal Service. But, there are some employees that believe if they work, as much overtime as possible, maybe they can become rich. Unfortunately, this poses a daily obstacle to overcome for most managers in the U.S. Postal Service. The U.S. Postal Service is a production driven outfit therefore; everything is based on production verses cost ratio. The average workday for a postal employee is eight hours. It does not take a genius to figure out that the longer it takes to do the job, the more money is made. So, the employee that desires more money would be motivated to take longer to complete his or her assigned task(s). Historically, the Postal Service has been plagued with managers that were not diligent in doing their jobs with regard to overtime management. Because of this clusters of employees became accustomed to a Carte Blanche style of working. Employees were in effect managing the overtime and work production. During my career as a letter carrier, I completed my assigned tasks within my eight-hour shift working overtime only when deemed necessary by my manger. When I became a manager, I expected everyone who worked for me to have the same work ethics that I had. If this was not case, I attempted to force them to work as hard as I did. I later found out that this was not a good management approach. In fact, this was the easiest way to harvest disgruntle employees. Here was my dilemma; I was the new young manager who expected an honest day†s work, for an honest day's pay, paired with a staff that had been allowed to do whatever they wanted for the past ten years. The office of my first management assignment had 90 percent of the employees working an average of 10-16 hours of overtime per week. My performance as a manager as well as well as the production performance for our office was based on the amount of manpower hours used to deliver the total volume of mail. I will present information about the systems put in place that worked as a check and balance format. These systems enabled me to demonstrate to my employees that my requests were not unfair or unreasonable. I will discuss the areas that the employees were able to assist in helping to aleve the excessive use of overtime. I will also discuss in detail areas that contributed to the excessive use of overtime that did not involve my employees. With implementation of the new systems, my office has reduced its overtime to 14 percent.    While controlling overtime may seem as easy as just making an announcement â€Å"that no one is allowed to work overtime†; this is very far from true in the U.S. Postal Service area offices. There are many variables that come into play, the first of which is staffing. In order to do a good job; the office must be properly staffed. We have percentage breakdowns that factor in amounts of carrier routes; amounts of deliveries per zip code that derives to an employee complement. Each office has a number that satisfies their complement. If for any reason a particular office is operating under their complement that makes the task a more difficult. Any office can be fine one week and short the next, due to retirement, injuries, or details to name a few. If any of the aforementioned were to occur a manager could request replacement for these employees, whether they will be granted or not is another story. Then we have the day-in day-out mystery of who will call in on sick leave. Having any of these instances to take place in a given day can simply cripple an operation. If we take a carrier operation anywhere in the world that has 35 city carrier routes and 4 carriers call in sick on a Monday, that manager now has to scramble to get coverage for those four vacant routes. It is not like other organizations where your work can carry over by one day; the mail must be delivered daily without exception. This makes it difficult to get the work done in an eight–hour day for the remaining employees. The first thing the manager must do is to telephone four employees who would normally have the day off and ask them to come in and work their day off. Bare in mind that the U.S. Postal Service has something called an Overtime Desired List, a voluntary list of employees who wish to work overtime on assignments. When the manager telephones employees to come in on their day off, he must first call those on the Overtime Desired List. If the manager does not get four employees from the list, he may then exercise the option to call employees not on the Overtime Desired List. The only alternative to this situation is to have employees already present complete their assignments and pitch in to help deliver the vacant assignments. The advantage of this situation is that it allows you to minimize your overtime usage for the day. If the manager was able to get four employees from the Overtime Desired List to come he has automatically used 32 hours of overtime for that day. By having employees already present work additional hours, you are able to use far less overtime for that day. This is an area I feel managers need to stress to their bosses so that all efforts are exhausted in hiring more employees for offices to operate under their complement. The earlier mentioned example could have been avoided had that office been properly staffed. A fully complemented office would have unassigned employees who would have been given those assignments for the day avoiding the need for overtime. In order to be a successful office you must be fully complemented. When I was finally able to get my office fully complemented my overtime was reduced by 10% – 30% as shown in the graph below. The U.S. Postal Service has another formula that we use to gauge an employee†s production. There is a standard based on demonstrated ability. We can not hold Carrier A to Carrier B†s standards. This formula is for sorting letters and flats (magazines, newspapers, etc.). The formula allows 1 hour to sort 2 feet of letter mail. This is 2 linear feet, 2 linear feet equals 454 pieces of letter mail or 230 pieces of flat mail. So in order to standardize an employee the manager must count out 2 feet of mail, letters or flats, and calculate the amount of time it takes the employee to sort this mail. The average carrier has no problem at all meeting this quota, but there are those who attempt to outsmart their managers. If the manager is not focused on them during the sorting period there are those carriers who have the tendency to leave their areas to socialize among their coworkers, or â€Å"slow sort† their mail. The longer it takes a carrier to sort his mail, the longer it takes that carrier to get out of the office on the street to deliver this mail, making this same carrier late in returning from his assignment guaranteeing this carrier overtime for the day. You multiply this by several carriers in one office daily and you come up with an unaccountable amount of overtime usage as a manager. This affects your production numbers for the office as a whole. This where a manager has to jump in and approach the individual carriers immediately. As a manager I that this has happen to, I have approached the individual and asked some very basic questions to make certain that there are no health or personal issues going on with the carrier affecting their productivity. If nothing out of the ordinary exists, I point out that they are not meeting their productivity quota and make certain suggestions to assist them in meeting their quota. There are those times when you are challenged as a manager to verify your findings. When those situations arise, I go out and measure, with the carrier present, the actual number of feet of mail for them to sort and time them sorting this mail. Once you demonstrate to your employees that you are only expecting from them what is minimally required, and that you will hold them accountable for just that you run into this type of problem less and less. Another major contributor to overtime usage is the actual mail flow itself. Most days this is not a problem, but when it is a problem it is usually a big problem. In Northern Virginia we have two mail distribution centers, one in Merrifield and one in Dulles. For the Falls Church Post Offices, we receive our mail from Merrifield. Each morning we receive 3 dispatches of mail from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. When these dispatches are on time everything runs smoothly, but when these dispatches are late an office goes from running smoothly to being hectic. One of the main reasons for a delayed dispatch is the mechanical failure of a mail-processing machine in Merrifield. In preparing itself for the new millenium, the U.S. Postal Service Distribution Centers are equipped with high-tech automated mail processing machines that do the job of ten employees sorting mail. In the event of a mechanical failure, one of our dispatches can be delayed by 1 – 2 hours. This 1 – 2 hour delay is passed along to my operation in 1 – 2 hours of down time for my carriers while they are waiting for their mail to deliver. That equals approximately 1 –2 hours of unforeseen overtime per employee that day. As demonstrated in the graph below this is a large usage of overtime for an entire office when calculated. The combination of mail volume and properly scheduled mail dispatches is critical in minimizing overtime. In closing, I would suggest that as we approach a new millenium the U.S. Postal Service would be better served by doing away with some of the older ways of thinking. The Overtime Desired List should be dismantled. This forces managers to go outside of the employees already present for work as a first solution to a vacant assignment list. To me this encourages overtime usage. I would also suggest for offices receiving mail dispatches late at least 3 times a week to move their scheduled time for mail receipt back and bring their carriers in a little later to accommodate for the dispatch schedules. For example if an office has consistently been receiving their dispatches an hour late, instead of having the carriers report to work at 6:30 a.m. they would move the carriers reporting times up to 7:30 a.m. instead eliminating that hour of downtime per person that they are losing.