Constitutional principles - Free Essay Example

Lord Woolf in a recent interview expressed grave concerns regarding the reallocation of functions formerly under the control of the Home Office and the Lord Chancellor. Discuss the constitutional principles which Lord Woolf argued may be at risk including the separation of powers and the rule of law. Contents: (1) Introduction. (2) A brief history of recent constitutional reform. (3) Lord Woolf on the reallocation of powers. (4) Constitutionalism. (5) Conclusion. 1. Introduction Lord Woolf has voiced caution in the recent process of constitutional reform. His critique has been based on an understanding of the principles of the UK constitution and their functioning in practice. The former Lord Chief Justice urges remembrance of these foundations in seeking to improve the State, as failure may endanger liberty in the future. Before considering Lord Woolf’s comments and analysing their philosophical foundations, we will survey the legal chan ges and their political background. 2. A brief history of recent constitutional reform In 2003 the UK government continued a process of rapid reform which had already undertaken regional devolution, removal of hereditary peers from the House of Lords, the and integration of the European Convention on Human Rights among other smaller changes. A Department of Constitutional Affairs was created partly to assign the Lord Chancellor a new role distinct from the judiciary. Formerly the Lord Chancellor was at the root of the three branches of government the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 aimed to resolve this discrepancy to the principle of the separation of powers and ensure compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights Article 6: the right to a fair trial. After some wrangling with the House of Lords the Government Bill was passed. The judicial functions of the Lord Chancellor were distributed to the Lord Chief Justic e. The role of Lord Speaker was relinquished, but the office of Lord Chancellor was retained as certain powers pertaining to the role can only be divested by Act of Parliament. The title of Lord Chancellor was to be held in conjunction with the new office of Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. In May 2007 the Department for Constitutional Affairs was disbanded in favour of a new Ministry of Justice. The Secretary of State for Justice also took the title of Lord Chancellor, and possesses powers pertaining to prisons, probations and sentencing. Such powers formerly belonged to the Home Office, which now has the remit to concentrate on matters such as terrorism, policing and immigration. 3. Lord Woolf on the reallocation of powers Lord Woolf, the former Lord Chief Justice, pronounced criticism and cautious acceptance throughout the process of constitutional reform. Initially annoyed that the government’s plans to abolish the role of Lord Chancellor were annou nced somewhat surreptitiously on June 12th 2003 â€Å"in a press release† rather than a public debate, about which he was informed â€Å"minutes, rather than days† before (1). A slightly later statement claimed that the policy was made without consulting the judiciary and would create a â€Å"vacuum† in the constitution (2). The fullest exploration of this problem, and his new position on reform, was given to Cambridge University in the following year at the Squire Centenary Lecture (3). Lord Woolf began by summarising the characteristics of the British Constitution and evaluating its merits. Having both written and unwritten elements, which are not entrenched, the UK constitution is flexible but is lacking some of the protection afforded by more rigid documents. That there has been no pressing need for a written constitution reflects a culture of co-operation and mutual respect between the bodies of government. Tension was overcome by good-will, which was â €Å"made easier not because of the separation of powers, but because of the absence of the separation of powers†. There was a fundamental fusion between the branches. The Lord Chancellor belonged to all three, while the Law Lords also sat in Parliament. Fusion overcome discord and the separation of powers was achieved by a clear demarcation of roles. For example, parliamentary sovereignty and the sole right to legislate is maintained, as the judiciary are only given the right to interpret in the light of the Human Rights Act 1998 and not to ‘strike-down’ legislation in the manner of the United States Supreme Court. Lord Woolf recognised that there is a need to meet public expectations of judicial independence as a guarantee of the rule of law. Although he voiced earlier concerns about the abolition of the Lord Chancellor (4), he acknowledged that the office required reform and redistribution of certain powers due to increasing politicisation and a conflict of interests on issues such as crime, immigration and handling tribunals. What was essential was to maintain the balance between the requirements of the separation of powers and the rule of law, and the delicate balance of checks and balances that have evolved with the unwritten constitution. Following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and the announcement of the creation of the Ministry of Justice, Lord Woolf gave an interview to the BBC Today programme in April 2007 raising â€Å"concerns about our liberty† (5). The distribution of powers on prisons and probations from the Home Office to the Secretary of State for Justice could conflict with the Lord Chancellor’s traditional role of protecting the interests of the judiciary in the Cabinet. This is compounded by the fact that through habit and tradition unwritten elements of the constitution judges look to the Lord Chancellor as the head of the judiciary. Furthermore, the departmental changes were wrought withou t the consent of Parliament. It is clear that Lord Woolf’s concern is that constitutional changes should be scrutinised and legitimated by Parliament. 4. Constitutionalism Lord Woolf’s critique of reform involves a complex network of concepts. A constitution is, according to Professor KC Wheare, â€Å"the whole system of government of a country, the collection of rules which establish and regulate or govern the government† (6). Legality is to act intra vires: within the rules of the constitution. Constitutionalism is the view that the constitution itself should conform to certain philosophical principles, and it is from this stance that Lord Woolf judges reform. The rule of law is the most fundamental concept of a constitution, and has several meanings. Firstly, that law should pervade as opposed to anomy (7), and also that it has a superior status than non-legal claims such as decrees and conventions. The rights of individuals should be upheld unless t hey are in breach of the law, and there should be equality before the law for all individuals within the sovereign realm. Lord Woolf understands the necessity of the rule of law for a constitution to exist and identifies the judiciary’s important role in maintaining this. The un-entrenched UK constitution has evolved gradually to an effective system of checks and balances whereby the branches of the government and their respective powers form an efficient method of government while insuring individual liberty against arbitrary power. The separation of powers is a distinction that has its origins in Aristotle where government is divided into the ability to propose law, that of making law, and that of judging on law (8). The concept was later articulated more fully by Locke and Montesquieu as a means of achieving the rule of law. But Lord Woolf points out that the system also involves fusion at various points. These included the Lord Chancellor, the Law Lords in Parliamen t, and the executive drawn from the legislature. The reason for this, he surmises, is that of co-operation between the branches; like hands extended across the divide. In this view he is not alone: the principle of harmony has been expressed several times in the past (9). It is his achievement to remind us of its importance. 5. Conclusion In highlighting the principles that have informed the development of the constitution, Lord Woolf makes explicit the delicate nature of checks and balances. It is incorrect to place him against reform but he is a voice of caution against unconsidered change, such as the reallocation of the Court Service to political control. The grave danger for Lord Woolf is that well-meaning but ill-wrought changes to the separation of powers and points of harmony might ultimately curb our liberty. Footnotes (1) Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. (2) Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. (3) Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in Constitution, Squire Centenary Lecture, Cambridge University, 3 March 2004. (4) H. Woolf, Judicial Review the tensions between the executive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (5) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (6) Quoted in Barnett H.(2006), Constitutional and Administrative Law, Routledge-Cavendish: Oxon; p. 7. (7) See Agamben G. (2005), The State of Exception; The University of Chicago Press: London. (8) Politics, Bk iv, xiv. (9) See Rui Verde, The Harmonious Constitution (2000), https://www.ncl.ac.uk/nuls/research/wpapers/verde1.html. References Books: (1) Agamben G. (2005), The State of Exception; The University of Chicago Press: London. (2) Aristotle, Politics, Bk iv, xiv. (3) Barnett H.(2006), Constitutional and Administrative Law, Routledge-Cavendish: Oxon. Articles: (6) H. Woolf, Judicial Review the tensions between the exe cutive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (7) Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. (8) Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. (9) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (10) Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in Constitution, Squire Centenary Lecture, Cambridge University, 3 March 2004. (11) Rui Verde, The Harmonious Constitution (2000), https://www.ncl.ac.uk/nuls/research/wpapers/verde1.html. Statutes: (12) Constitutional Reform Act 2005. (13) Human Rights Act 1998.

The Church Of The Catholic Church - 1315 Words

The concept of Religion has been around for centuries, and is what gives man many of his personal beliefs, ideology, and morals. Historically, one of the largest and most influential churches is the Catholic Church. Today, the Catholic Church is the largest denomination of any religion with its influence stretching to all corners of the globe. Since the Catholic Church maintains great influence, it is important the Vatican and the Pope are promoting views they believe to best promote Christ’s ideals and mission, and to continue to engage the congregation in order to maintain faith. The Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, commonly referred to as Vatican II, commenced under Pope John XXIII on October 11, 1962 and closed in December of 1965†¦show more content†¦The Mass and celebration of the Eucharist are very holy, and as Cardinal Newman once said, â€Å"Destroy the Mass, and you destroy the church!† (Gommar) Being the oldest Christian faith, the Catholic Church lives and dies by Mass and the cross. Vatican II’s reforms gave every parishioner a role in liturgy, allowed Mass to be performed in the vernacular, restoration of communion under two kinds, the changing of the priest’s orientation during mass, etc. (Schachern). Each of these changes has an impact on how the Mass is celebrated and received by the congregation. Versu Populum and Ad Orientem refer to the position in which a priest faces while saying mass. Versu Populum refers to the priest celebrating mass while facing the congregation, while Ad Orientem refers to the priest facing the same direction as the parish with his back to them (Steve). Originally, many churches were built with the altar against the back wall of the church, preventing the priest from facing the congregation. Ad Orientem meant that all, including the priest, were facing in the direction of the Lord and praying and making the sacrifice to him personally. Versu Populum is when the priest would face toward the parish, and involve them in the prayer and sacrifice of the Eucharist. The difference was whether more emphasis should be placed on all being involved in the sacrament, Versu Populum, or if the priest should be facing andShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Church And The Church1294 Words   |  6 PagesThe Catholic Church has always been one to hand out praise fairly fre ely. There is a patron saint for everything, from plague to beekeeping to flowers. There are patron saints for specific cities, patron saints for specific trades, and patron saints for almost any object that comes to mind. However, in the past, the process of becoming a saint, known as canonization, was at the least thoroughly investigative. The Catholic Church has strict beliefs to be upheld and represented. For example, charityRead MoreThe Church Of A Catholic Church905 Words   |  4 Pagestold about a congregation in a small Catholic Church located in a mid-western state. One Sunday morning the mass began when the wooden door of the church opened with a loud creak. All the parishioners turned their head to see a young man—not a member of the church—enter. His hair was long and stringy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he wore shorts†¦.with a short sleeved pull over T shirt. He had multiple tattoos on his arms and legs†¦..and†¦looked rough and unkempt. His presence in the church caused distraction and tension†¦.and reallyRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Church1942 Words   |  8 PagesThe Catholic Church as we know it is much different than that of the past. Love, acceptance, forgiveness, giving, and tradition are all things that come to mind when the words Catholic Church are heard. If one were to ask those living in the 1400-1800s what comes to mind when thinking about the Catholic Church, their answer would have been very different. With the exception of a few countries, there is a separation of the church and state in todays’ government. In our current state of governmentRead MoreThe Catholic And The Church1130 Words   |  5 PagesA great number of Catholic members continue to leave the Catholic Church, statistics show. According to an article in the National Catholic Reporter, â€Å"One out of every 10 Americans is an ex-Catholic†¦ Almost half of those leaving the church become unaffiliated and almost half become Protestant† (Reese). Although the reasons for leaving differ amongst ex-Catholics, an important one is the teachings of the Bible, they claim. It may not make sense that the very same book that is claimed to be one ofRead MoreThe Catholic Church1416 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Catholic Church is unique in comparison to Protestant branches of Christianity because of the tradition, formality, and leadership. Leaders in the Catholic church such as Priests, Nuns, Bishops and Popes vow to remain celibate and follow a marriage with God and the Church rather than a spouse. It is interesting to discover whether celibacy has any impact on one’s psychosexual development and on an individual’s efficiency as a church leader. Description and origin of celibacy CelibacyRead MoreThe Catholic Church944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catholic Church Why should one man have puissance over the way we sojourn our lives? The individual that I am referring to is Pope Francis. Personally, I feel that many people confer to the Pope as a god, giving him influence over our beliefs, as well as our lifestyle choices. As Catholics we are not allowed to partake in birth control practices, have an abortion, or participate in anything related to gay marriage. These are only a few issues that are part of a long list of unmentionablesRead MoreThe Catholic Church Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 3. Religion in Ireland Inglis (2007) believed that the Catholic Church was once the backbone of strong cohesive family networks and community structures that created a sense of belonging and identity in Ireland . It provided the Irish people with a certain comfort and solace and its teachings were central to the way Irish people thought. Irish Catholics were deeply spiritual people who once devoted their lives to the Church (inglis 2007). (Giddens, 2010) states religion is necessary andRead MoreThe Catholic Church874 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What therefore God has joined together, let no man put asunder† (Catechism of The Catholic Church, 450), this was God’s plan for the matrimony of a woman and a man. God meant for a man and a woman to be joined as one in Holy matrimony as husband and wife in a union that was not to be dissolved. Therefore, as specifically spelled out in the sixth commandment, adultery is a mortal sin and contrary to the plan God had for mankind. Apostle Paul goes to great lengths to clarify the love a man shouldRead MoreThe Catholic Church1091 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of the Catholic Church, there have been many Pontifical elections and even more Popes serving as the head of the Catholic Church. The Papal Conclave was introduced years after the Roman Catholic Church was established. The position of Pope is currently occupied by His Holiness Pope Francis—whose birth name is Jorge Bergoglio. Pope Francis assumed position in March 2013 after the resignation of his predecessor two weeks prior. Taking into the account the history of the Catholic Church, the PapalRead MoreThe Catholic And Catholic Church1561 Words   |  7 PagesCatholic Mass In this spring break, I followed my Christian friend and visited a Catholic Church located in Seattle and I had a chance to witness on how they conduct their worship in the form of Mass. The Catholic Church has many practices and rituals such as Last Rites, praying the Rosary, receiving Communion, Confession, Baptism, and Mass according to the members of this church. Nonetheless, the Mass is the most crucial ritual as they consider it as the Lord`s Supper. The Mass is the Catholic`s

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis

Society today has an upheaving amount of problems that span from racism, poverty, persecution, and war, etc. Banners of books are attempting to eradicate any written piece that touches on the mere obstacles of society. The people who hold the vandalism tools in this situation are parents, who have children in the public school system. One book at a time, they annihilate authors and classic novels, themes, and genres in order to get their agenda across. The First Amendment to The United States Constitution prevents congress from making any law that abides from the freedom of speech. Equally, authors like Maya Angelou have the freedom of speech in our country to write, and in Angelous case, the freedom to write about her life. Maya Angelou,†¦show more content†¦Louis, Angelou, like many children she started to have nightmares. Angelous mother allowed her to sleep in bed with her and Mr. Freeman. Due to this circumstance Mr. Freeman had the open opportunity to sexaully take adv antage of Angelou. As a young girl trying to make sense of what was happening, Angelou remembered what her mom had drilled into her head, â€Å"Keep your legs closed, and don’t let nobody see your pocket book† (61). Book banners examine this passage exclusively and argue that people shouldn’t be reading about molestation because the content is to explicit. To add, the nations largest anti-sexual violence organization states that every 98 seconds someone in the United States becomes a victim of sexual violence. This horrific statistic about the societal vandalism of sexual violence is just more than a one time occurrence. Thousands of people are victims. Angelou was a victim, in her novel she speaks out in order to spark conversation. Through Angelous poetic and heroic story of self- reflection, she opens up to her audience to let them know â€Å"Me too†(31). For those who don’t have an experience close to Angelou it allows them to gain insight on h er life, and how Angelou healed through reading literature. Angelou’s audience is deeply engaged and immersed with her character; a strong connection is made between I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and society. The reading of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings teaches empathy through theShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis840 Words   |  4 Pagesperson is none other than Maya Angelou. Angelou has been a famous American poet since the release of her 1969 autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Angelou has inspired many people by telling her life story to the public, but not only did she inspire, she also created a very different and personal point of view of the world we live in. The poem’s she has written transition from pain and suffering or to courage and confidence. Nonetheless, even though Angelou wrote mostly about anguishedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1036 Words   |  5 PagesFily Thiam English 002 Mrs. Vilato 9 April 2015 Rhetorical Analysis on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou In Graduation, a chapter in her autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, Maya Angelou talks vividly about her middle school graduation in the segregated South. Graduation is an important milestone in most people’s life, as they get a degree and move on to their next level, something better and more important, with the hope that they can use their new knowledge to achieve their life goals andRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe type of language that an author uses in his or her work can greatly impact the outcome. One such example of this was in Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, in which she used certain types of language to characterize herself when she was younger and the society that she grew up in. Her choice of language used in the end of Chapter 16 helps to characterize her desire to quit working for Mrs. Cullinan, her resistance to the discrimination that she puts up with while s he works, and theRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1575 Words   |  7 Pagesto feel different, and wish they were someone or something â€Å"better†. In Maya Angelou’s autobiography she demonstrates what its like growing up in a racist community and how it feels to be the outcast. Angelou continuously speaks about being someone different her ideal self, something she is completely different from. She feels this way due to the racist society she lives in. In I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou demonstrates in her autobiography in 1969 that even with love and affectionRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.† By Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This is the quote my mom has been telling me every day since I was 13 and able to understand it. Maya Angelou wrote this poem in 19 69 and it still speaks to millions of people today. Millions of people who have everything to say but never speak. This is just one example, my example on how relatable poems are even if they are hundreds of years old. Being able to relate to a poemRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1219 Words   |  5 PagesLike many African American writers in American history, migration is a defining part of Maya Angelou’s life and character. In her memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya thoroughly discusses each of the moves that shape the person she becomes. From St. Louis at seven to a Southern California junkyard at fifteen, Maya’s life is filled with both voluntary and involuntary migrations. Some of these moves are intensely emotionally taxing, while others allow her to grow and flourish. Although herRead MoreMaya Angelou655 Words   |  3 PagesMa 2(1565443) Maya Angelou is known as the â€Å"most visible black female autobiographer/poet.† She was born, Marguerite Ann Johnson, on April fourth, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents divorced when she was three, and she and her brother were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Seeing all the racial discrimination in the American south strengthened her passion for poetry, music, dance and performance. Maya writes about the struggles people face, racism and freedom. At ageRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Caged Bird 1835 Words   |  8 PagesApril 4, 2016 Women’s Power Because I live in a community with a majority black population, it is very easy to know all of the famous African American people. Growing up with my grandparents, I always heard a lot about the loving Dr. Maya Angelou. She was a tremendous figure in their lives and a phenomenal woman. One day my family was sitting outside, and my mom was reading a book with a lot of famous poems. The one she read aloud was Maya Angelou’s poem â€Å"Caged Bird.† She was so emotional reading thisRead MoreMaya Angelou : An Influential Voices Of Modern Society Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Angelou, born Marguerite Ann Johnson on the 4th of April 1928, was born in St. Louis, Missouri and grew up in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya Angelou is regarded as one of the most noteworthy, influential voices of modern society with over 50 doctorate degrees. She became a distinguished poet, educator, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, memoirist, and civil rights activist throughout her life. In t he 1930’s and 1940’s, Stamps, Arkansas was the embodiment of brutality and racial discrimination

Gay Marriage Is The Black Lives Matter Essay - 2087 Words

In recent years, there has been a variety of events that have occurred which caused people to realize the inequality that still happens in modern day society. Between gay marriage becoming legal in 2015 and the recent presidential election, there have been many situations that have caused a form of division between the people of the United States. A major group that has shed some light on the inequality that occurs in modern day society is the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. The BLM website states that this they label themselves as a group of 50+ organizations that have come together with a renewed purpose to spread a common vision and agenda. Although many people view them as a great step toward furthering equality amongst all people, there is a select group of people who disagree. The Black Lives matter website also states that their â€Å"common vision† is to continue to move towards a world in which the full humanity and dignity of all people is recognized. While doi ng this, BLM also intends to include other groups of people who experience oppression. Such as the LBGTQ community, women, Muslims, people who were previously or currently undocumented and much more. One of the major arguments of the Black Lives Matter movement is to end the war on black people. There have been many situations in the last two years that have been brought to light through both social media and news broadcasting as well. The events that are causing a wide controversy between setShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1437 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuals are disrespected and treated unfairly, such as a look from a person who isn’t gay or called names such as â€Å"faggot,† simply because their sexual orientation, why? If homosexuals pay their taxes, help build roads and pay public schools just like heterosexual couples then gay couple should have the same rights as opposite sex couples do. In the case of Baker v. Vermont, in the year 2000, â€Å"Vermont’s groundbreaking law establishing civil unions took effect, providing families of samesex couplesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1169 Words   |  5 PagesGay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse.com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, notRead MoreIs The Greatest Gift?966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe disagreement of same-sex marriage. In The New York Times article Gay Marriage State by State: A Trickle Became a Torrent Haeyoun Park writes about whether the Supreme Court will decide to give permission to same-sex couples to get married all over the 50 states or not. Now in 36 states and the District of Colombia† same-sex marriage is legalized and i f the Supreme Court will approve the decision to permit same-sex marriage, then â€Å"13 states where gay marriage is still forbidden will be requiredRead More Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesright for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred bond of love between two people. Gay people also feel love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an accepted lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violation of religious freedom. According to studies done by Simon LeVey, being gay is a biological cause, not a choiceRead More Gays Have a Right to Marry Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesGays Have a Right to Marry Every teen faces that time when their parent or parents choose to tell them about sex. Well, what if it happened that instead of sex your parents chose to tell you about the injustice of not letting people in the gay community marry. If this was to happen, then there would be a better understanding of gay relationships and their want to get married. This would more then likely lead to the ending of the ban on gay marriages. In his essay â€Å"Let Gays Marry†, Andrew SullivanRead More Views on Gay Marriage in Anna Quindlin’s Essay Evan’s Two Moms1164 Words   |  5 PagesArguments. This essay takes a liberal point of view concerning gay marriage and the ability to raise a child in a gay family. Throughout Quindlen’s essay, her structure introduces ethos, pathos and logos through a variety of court cases to gain the readers trust; she appeals to both emotion and logic in her reader through passion and unwavering intensity, which disapproves of those who take a radical point of view about gay marriage. Anna Quindlen’s structure of â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms† provides theRead MoreGay Marriage Is The Same Way?1389 Words   |  6 PagesGay Marriage in America â€Å"Gay marriage won t be more of an issue 25 years from now than interracial marriage is† Jared Polis. This quote, I believe is extremely truthful. Interracial marriage has been legal ever since 1967, that was forty seven years ago. In this day of age interracial marriage is not a big deal. No one really makes a fuss about a black man and a white woman getting married, but pre 1967 interracial marriage was illegal and not right what-so-ever. Black people were lynched for evenRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pageslove. Same sex marriage is harmless, and now that is it legal nationwide, people should learn to accept others despite their sexual preferences. Same sex marriage has been a controversial topic in the United States for years now. There are many people in the United States that despise other people who are interested in the same sex. Researchers have found that gay people are three times as likely to have depression or thoughts of suicide due to discrimination. As it turns out, gay people are noRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1309 Words   |  6 PagesSame-sex marriage; why is it even an issue in this era? To put it into perspective, almost 9 million Americans are identified as a homosexual, meaning this is not just a minor issue. Also, with our society making significant movements toward equality in recent decades both in gender and racial issues, one has to think about sexual equality in the United States. I will explain to the reader why we should legalize same-sex marriage, especially in terms of justice and the benefits our society receivesRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Allowed?1620 Words   |  7 Pa ges The Right To Marriage Same sex marriage is a topic today that brings strong moral objections from both sides. Should same sex marriage be allowed? Should these people be given the same rights in their relationship as heterosexual couples? Why restrict these citizens from their rights just because of their love for another? Should we deny foreign customs to foreigners just because they aren’t customs we perform? The United States is a land of the free, not the restricted. We are not robots set

Human Themes Of Homer s The Odyssey - 1261 Words

Human themes that dominate Homer’s The Odyssey is hubris. During his adventure with the Cyclops, Odysseus cleverly blinded the beast with a stake in his eye. He even went as far as saying that his name was Nobody so when the Cyclops would scream in pain and try to get help, nobody would help him for he would say â€Å"Nobody is hurting me†. However, Odysseus went to far when he escaped by not only yelling out his actual name but saying exactly who he is and where he can be located. I find this quite funny for Odysseus was not obligated to say anything to the beast and if he did, just saying his name ‘Odysseus’ is enough. But our hero proclaims; â€Å"Cyclops! If anyone asks you who put your eye out...tell [them] that is was Odysseus, Sacker of Cities, son of Laertes, who lives in Ithaca!† If P.O Boxes existed I’m sure Odysseus would have yelled it out also. Odysseus is a clever hero which I believe to be the source of his victories in battles and in obstacles. For most this would suffice to be labeled as a Hero. However, arrogance, and pride disqualify any man or woman to be honored as a Hero. Humility is so much more heroic and admirable. Even if strength was not evident, true heroism comes with being humble at all times. Especially when victorious. You can tell a lot about a person from the way they act when they lose and even more when they win. It is not easy having sympathy towards the Cyclops, he did lose his only eye in a painful and brutal manner of course. His attackerShow MoreRelatedComparison Between The Odyssey And The Iliad1068 Words   |  5 Pages In the novel The Odyssey, the author Homer describes an outcry against death; whereas in the Iliad death is portrayed as an accomplishment., Both were in the times that is also known as Before Common Era, or BCE. It is known that Iliad begins 10 years before the great Seige of Troy and eventually the odyssey had begun a couple years after that(Classical Lit). 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Carbon Cycle free essay sample

Since it is a cycle, it can begin anywhere. Let us start with the atmosphere. The forms of carbon in the atmosphere are methane and carbon dioxide. Plants (living organisms) take in the carbon dioxide and sunlight, undergoing photosynthesis to make sugar molecules (carbon fixation) for the plant’s energy purposes. The plants then release oxygen back into the atmosphere, and animals breathe it in. The soil, plants, and animal’s respiration, releases carbon from the  terrestrial biosphere back to the atmosphere. Next in the cycle, animals (living organisms) eat the plants from land or ocean, and the predators eat the animals that ate the plants. As organisms are going through their food chain, the organic carbon is passed from one organism to another. When plants, animals, and waste products decay in the soil, they will eventually form new fossil fuels. One way humans contribute to the recycling of carbon is burning fossil fuels. We will write a custom essay sample on Carbon Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fossil fuels, composed of carbon compounds, were formed millions of years ago and are found deep underground. We use it for things like fuel, warmth, and factory machines. Ever since our Industrial Revolution, in which masses of factories were built, all the fossil burning added a great deal of carbon directly back into the atmosphere. Another way humans released carbon into the atmosphere is deforestation. They chop down forests, which contain a lot of carbon, and replace the place for agricultural or housing purposes. On top of deforestation, the air pollution from factories has: increased air emperature, increased decomposition rates in soil, and caused plants to send CO2 more quickly back to the atmosphere. Currently, there is too much carbon in the oceans and atmosphere, and not enough organisms taking it out. Carbon is a big part of living organism’s daily life and structure. Just our human body is composed of 18. 5% carbon. Living things need carbon, and we’re here to recycle the carbon so it can always be used. In my opinion, carbon and living organisms are in a kind of symbiosis relationship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but carbon isn’t a living thing. Jocelyn why are you still talking to me?

Report for Operational Management of Decision Making Function

Question: Describe about the Report for Operational Management of Decision Making Function. Answer: Given, d1, d2, d3 and d4 are the four decision alternatives and s1, s2, s3 and s4 are the four state of nature. The profit payoff table for it is given below: Decision Alternative S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 14 9 10 5 D2 11 10 8 7 D3 9 10 10 11 D4 8 10 11 13 If the decision maker has no idea about the probabilities of the four states of nature, then using optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum payoff for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D1. For state S2 the decision maker will choose any of the decision alternative D2, D3 or D4. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4 and For state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4. For conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum payoff for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D4. For state S2 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D2 and for state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) For minimax regret approach, the decision maker will try to minimize the maximum regret. The regret is defined as the opportunity loss due to the decision taken. It is calculated by |Vi Vij|, Vij is the value for decision i and state j and Vi is the best alternative for state i Thus the regret table is calculated below Regret S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 0 1 1 8 D2 3 0 3 6 D3 5 0 1 2 D4 6 0 0 0 The decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum regret for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the maximum regret is 6, for state S2 the maximum regret is 1, for state S3 the maximum regret is 3, for state S4 the maximum regret is 8. Thus the decision maker will chose decision alternative D2 to minimize the maximum regret. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) b) I think conservative approach is better as it helps us to analyse the projects by providing the minimum return that the project will garner and help us in estimating if we should go ahead with the project. In other approaches, there is a possibility of expecting a higher return which might not be the case and result in loss. Establishing the most appropriate approach helps the decision maker in choosing the projects and it helps the decision maker to understand whether the return from the projects are over estimated or underestimated and based on the approach he can plan ahead the future decisions regarding the project. Thus it is important to establish the most appropriate approach. c) If the table provides the cost instead of profits then using optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum cost for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D4. For state S2 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D2 and For state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum cost for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D1. For state S2 the decision maker will choose any of the the decision alternative D2, D3 or D4. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4 and for state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) For minimax regret approach, the regret table is given below Regret S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 6 0 2 0 D2 3 1 0 2 D3 1 1 2 6 D4 0 1 3 8 The decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum regret for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the maximum regret is 6, for state S2 the maximum regret is 1, for state S3 the maximum regret is 3, for state S4 the maximum regret is 8. Thus the decision maker will chose decision alternative D2 to minimize the maximum regret. The profit pay off table for decision alternatives d1 and d2 is given. The state of nature are s1 and s2. Using graphical approach, the payoff for the two states are plotted. In x axis, the probability is given. For probability = 0, the pay off of state s1 is used and for probability = 1, the the pay off of state s2 is used. (Scgroeder, 2007) The two decision alternatives intersect at a point P. The P can we found by solving the equations y = 10 9* x and y = 4 1* x. Thus solving we get x = 0.75 and y = 3.25 thus for the range of probability 0 to 0.75 for the state s1, the decision alternatives will have highest expected value. Given P(s1) = 0.2 and P(s2) = 0.8. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative d1, the Expected value = 0.2* 10 + 0.8* 1 = 2.8 Thus for decision alternative d2, the Expected value = 0.2* 4 + 0.8* 3 = 2 Thus using the expected value approach, the decision alternative d1 is better. The solution found in part b will be optimal if the expected value of decision 1 is greater than expected value of decision 2. Let x1 be the value of the payoff of the state 1 and x2 be the value of the payoff of the state 2. Thus for the probability of the state s1 and s2 as 0.2 and 0.8 respectively, the expected value is given by 0.2* x1 +0.8* x2 which must be greater than expected value of decision 2 .i.e. = 2 For x2 = 1, 0.2* x1 + 0.8 * 1 2 X1 6 For X1 = 10, 0.2* 10 + 0.8* x2 2 X2 0 Thus the range of payoff for s1 state is more than 6 and range of payoff for s2 state is more than 0 The probability associated to the payoff of s2 is 0.8 while the probability associated to payoff of s1 is 0.2. Thus the solution is more sensitive to the payoff of s2. The company Myrtle Air express is offering service between Cleveland and Myrtle Beach. The demand of the service and the price of the service are given with options of full price and discount price. The management has to decide what pricing policy they should follow as the demand can be strong and weak. If the management chooses full price then the profits earned during the strong demand will be high but in case of weak demand the company will have loss. While if the management chooses discount price then the profits earned during the weak demand will be lower but in case of weak demand the company will have not have any loss. There are two decision alternatives full prices and discount and two possible outcomes strong demand or weak demand. Using the optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum payoff for each decision alternative. The maximum pay off is obtained when the demand is strong and management uses full price. Thus the company will choose full price Using the conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum payoff for each decision alternative. The minimum pay off is obtained when the demand is weak and management uses discount price. Thus the company will choose discount price. The regret table is given below Regret Strong Weak Full price 0 1180 Discount 0 350 Thus the maximum regret for full price is 1180 and the maximum regret for discount is 350. Thus using Minimax regret approach the company will minimize the maximum regret. Thus company will choose discount price. Given P (strong) = 0.7 and P(weak) = 0.3. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.7* 960 + 0.3* (- 490) = 336 Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.7* 960 + 0.3* (- 490) = 565 Thus the company should use discount price as the expected value is higher in that case. Given P (strong) = 0.8 and P(weak) = 0.2. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.8* 960 + 0.2* (- 490) = 454 Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.8* 960 + 0.2* (- 490) = 600 Thus the company should use discount price as the expected value is higher in that case. Using the graphical approach, the payoff for the two decisions variables are plotted. In x axis, the probability is given. For probability = 0, the pay off of strong demand is used and for probability = 1, the the pay off of weak demand is used. (Scgroeder, 2007) The point till which the line full price is above discount is range where Full price has higher expected value and the range where the line full price is below discount is range where Full price has lower expected value. Solving the equation of line y = 960 -1450*x and y = 670 -350*x we get, X = 0.26 Thus in this case for probability between 0 and 0.26, the full price has higher expected value and for probability 0.26 to 1, discount has higher expected value. Given, d1 and d2 are the two decision alternatives and s1, s2, s3 are the three states of nature. The probability of the three states are given as P(s1) = 0.65, P(s2) = 0.15, P(s3) = 0.20 If perfect information is available then the company will choose alternative d1 for state s1, alternative d1 or d2 for state s2 and alternative d2 for state s3 as the return is higher for these alternatives. Thus the expected value is given by Expected value EVwPI = Probability * Value EVwPI = 0.65* 250 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 75 = 192.50 If perfect information is not available, then expected value approach, the expected value is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Expected value for d1 = 0.65* 250 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 25 = 182.50 Expected value for d1 = 0.65* 100 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 75 = 85 Thus Expected value without perfect information is given by EVwoPI = 182.50 The Expected value for perfect information is the additional price the company is willing to pay to achieve the information. It is the difference between the expected value with perfect information and expected value without perfect information. It is given by EVPI = EVwPI EvwoPI = 192.5 182.5 = 10 (Boston University Metropolitan College., (2013)) The expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0.1* 400 + 0.6* (500) + 0.3* 660 = 538 Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0.1* (- 250) + 0.6* (650) + 0.3* 800 = 605 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0.1* (- 400) + 0.6* (580) + 0.3* 990 = 605 thousand dollars Thus using the expected value approach Lake Placid should choose medium or large size. The risk is given by [ Probability* ( Payoff value - Expected value)] 5 For medium Probability Value (value - Expected)^2 P*(value - Expected)^2 0.1 -250 731025 73102.5 0.6 650 2025 1215 0.3 800 38025 11407.5 Expected 605 Total 85725 Thus risk = 85725^0.5 = 292.78 For large Probability Value (value - Expected)^2 P*(value - Expected)^2 0.1 -400 1010025 101002.5 0.6 580 625 375 0.3 990 148225 44467.5 Expected 605 Total 145845 Thus risk = 145845^ 0.5 = 381.89 Thus the risk in the large centre is higher. Thus the Lake Placid should choose medium size. Expected value with perfect information = 0.1* 400 + 0.6* 650 + 0.3* 990 = 727 Expected value without perfect information = 605 Thus Expected value of perfect information = Expected value with perfect information - Expected value without perfect information = 727 605 = 122 thousand dollars If the probability of worst case increase to 0.2 and the probability of base case decrease to 0.5 then, using the expected value approach Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0.2* 400 + 0.5* (500) + 0.3* 660 = 528 thousand dollars Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0.2* (- 250) + 0.5* (650) + 0.3* 800 = 515 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0.2* (- 400) + 0.5* (580) + 0.3* 990 = 507 Thus using the expected value approach Lake Placid should choose small size. If the probability of worst case decreases to 0 and the probability of best case increase to 0.4 then, using the expected value approach Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0* 400 + 0.5* (500) + 0.4* 660 = 514 thousand dollars Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0* (- 250) + 0.5* (650) + 0.4* 800 = 645 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0* (- 400) + 0.5* (580) + 0.4* 990 = 686 Thus the expected value of the project increases from 605 thousand dollars to 686 thousand dollars. Thus profit = 686 -605 = 81 thousand dollars whereas investment made is 150 thousand dollars. Thus this will not be an good investment. (Anderson, 2012) References Scgroeder, R. (2007). Operations Management: Decision Making in the Operations Function. Mcgraw Hill. Boston University Metropolitan College. (2013). Expected Value of Perfect Information. Retrieved on August 16, 2016 from https://onlinecampus.bu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-843933-dt-content-rid-2221759_1/courses/13sprgmetad715_ol/module_03a/metad715_m03l01t05_expected_value_perfect_information.html Kaplan Financial. (2012). Maximax, maximin and minimax regret. Retrieved on August 16, 2016 from https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/Maximax,%20maximin%20and%20minimax%20regret.aspx Anderson, D. (2012). Quantitative Methods for Business. Cengage Learning.